Deck 5: Motivation

Question 1

Herzberg's two-factor theory states that dissatisfiers or hygiene factors are needed to maintain at least a level of "no dissatisfaction."

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Managing the psychological contract successfully is one of the more important and challenging aspects of a manager's job.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Organizational justice is the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed throughout an organization.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of conscious goals in explaining motivated behavior.

Question 5

From a managerial perspective, unsatisfied needs are dangerous because they may lead to undesirable performance outcomes.

Question 6

According to Locke, individuals are likely to adjust their idea of what constitutes an equitable payment in order to justify their pay.

Question 7

Companies that engage in layoffs may find that many "survivors" of the layoffs end up voluntarily leaving the company as well

Question 8

Monitoring the needs, abilities, goals, and preferences of employees is strictly the domain of personnel/human resource managers.

Question 9

Persistence is an important component of motivation.

Question 10

McClelland's theory of motivation places emphasis on socially acceptable behavior.

Question 11

The process theories of motivation focus on the factors within the person that energize, direct, sustain, and stop behavior.

Question 12

The valence associated with an outcome is by definition always positive.

Question 13

As managers advance in an organization, their need for security increases.

Question 14

McClelland contends that when a need is strong, it motivates a person to use behavior that leads to its repetition.

Question 15

Intensity refers to the staying power of behavior, or how long a person will continue to devote effort.

Question 16

Group value theory suggests that fair group procedures are considered to be a sign of respect.

Question 17

Autonomy means having your manager make decisions on your behalf and closely monitoring your work.

Question 18

Managers at lower organizational levels in small firms are more satisfied than their counterparts in large firms.

Question 19

The notion of inputs and outcomes within equity theory is the exact opposite of the notion of giving and receiving in the psychological contract.

Question 20

Employees will often define their jobs quite broadly and will include activities as part of their duties that their managers perceive as "extra."

Question 21

The _______________ component of motivation refers to the strength of the response once the choice is made.

A) direction
B) intensity
C) opportunity
D) persistence

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of Maslow's esteem?

A) Developing and mentoring others
B) Starting a charity that helps children
C) Receiving regular salary increases
D) Receiving a high-level promotion

Question 23

When need deficiencies are present, individuals are less susceptible to a manager's motivational efforts.

Question 24

Vague goals, such as "do your best," lead to higher output than do specific goals.

Question 25

According to Herzberg, which of the following is a motivator?

A) Working conditions
B) Achievement
C) Salary
D) Quality of technical supervision

Question 26

It is important for any goal to be clear, meaningful, and unique.

Question 27

Personality and personal health are individual differences should be considered when implementing goal-setting programs.

Question 28

_______________ is the founder of the theory that states that conscious goals and intentions are the determinants of behavior.

A) Maslow
B) Alderfer
C) Locke
D) McClelland

Question 29

What basic assumption about people did Maslow make that caused him to believe that they would constantly move up the needs hierarchy?

A) People are naturally leaders
B) People will always have obligations to meet
C) People believe in things that are more important than themselves
D) People have a need to grow and develop

Question 30

Taking a lunch break and getting a drink of water are examples of a _______________ need.

A) physiological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) safety

Question 31

Alderfer's ERG theory suggests that, in addition to the satisfaction-progression process that Maslow proposed, a _______________ process is also at work.

A) frustration-regression
B) frustration-anger
C) progression-regression
D) progression-growth

Question 32

Job _______________ is defined as the process of building personal achievement, recognition, challenge, responsibility, and growth opportunities into a person's job.

A) enrichment
B) enlargement
C) creation
D) opportunity

Question 33

A study of 4,000 employees found three main areas affect employee motivation. These areas include all of the following except:

A) Organizational issues
B) Interpersonal issues
C) Leader issues
D) Job issues

Question 34

Mary Kay, Inc. uses the full range of _______________ to motivate its 1.8 million beauty consultants in markets worldwide.

A) Maslow's need hierarchy
B) Alderfer's three-level hierarchy
C) Locke's goal setting theory
D) McClelland's three learned needs theory

Question 35

Needs may be viewed as energizers or triggers of behavioral responses.

Question 36

The sets of needs proposed by Alderfer's ERG theory include all of the following except:

A) Ego
B) Existence
C) Relatedness
D) Growth

Question 37

Joining the bowling team to make friends is a _______________ need.

A) physiological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) esteem

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of Maslow's self-actualization?

A) Developing and mentoring others
B) Receiving a high-level promotion
C) Having a supportive supervisor
D) Receiving regular salary increases

Question 39

Which of the following is highest on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Safety and security
B) Esteem
C) Physiological needs
D) Self-actualization

Question 40

Which of the following belongs to the esteem level of Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Being accepted by professional friends
B) Developing and mentoring others
C) Receiving regular salary increases
D) Winning a coveted award for performance

Question 41

Although Herzberg's motivation theory is popular, it has been criticized for all of the following reasons except:

A) It over-simplifies the nature of job satisfaction
B) No self-reports of performance were used
C) It requires people to look at themselves retrospectively
D) The motivational and performance consequences of the theory are untested

Question 42

The process theories of motivation are concerned with answering the question of how individual behavior is _______________.

A) maintained
B) stopped
C) directed
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 43

Most research on equity theory has focused on _______________ as the basic outcome.

A) job titles
B) pay
C) satisfaction
D) motivation

Question 44

Research suggests that, when employees engage in organizational citizenship behaviors, organizations achieve _______________.

A) higher customer satisfaction
B) higher productivity
C) cost reductions
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 45

The essence of ________ theory is that employees compare their job inputs and outputs with those of others in similar work situations.

A) ratio
B) equity
C) input
D) comparison

Question 46

In Vroom's view, most behaviors are considered to be _______ the employee and consequently __________.

A) under the voluntary control of, need no motivation
B) forced on, are motivated
C) under the voluntary control of, are motivated
D) forced on, need no motivation

Question 47

The content theories presented in the text focus mainly on the needs and incentives that cause _______________.

A) behavior
B) motivation
C) leadership
D) satisfaction

Question 48

_______________ refers to an individual's belief regarding the likelihood that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular outcome.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Expectancy
D) Equity

Question 49

McClelland's learned needs theory is based on three needs: the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for _______________.

A) identification
B) resolution
C) power
D) wealth

Question 50

People are more inclined to interpret decisions as fair when:

A) They have a voice in the decision
B) There is consistency is decision making
C) The processes and procedures conform to ethical and moral values
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

A high need for _______________ can be traced to a history of receiving rewards for sociable, dominant, or inspirational behavior.

A) affiliation
B) recognition
C) power
D) Both affiliation and power

Question 52

_______________ refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organizational processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

A) Distributive justice
B) Organizational justice
C) Inequity
D) Procedural justice

Question 53

Two attendants on a Southwest Airlines flight went above and beyond the call of duty to make a nervous flyer feel comfortable on the trip. This is an example of the ________ form of OCB.

A) compliance
B) civic virtue
C) altruism
D) sportsmanship

Question 54

Vroom defines _______________ as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activity.

A) motivation
B) recognition
C) achievement
D) relatedness

Question 55

Which of the following statements best reflects Herzberg's theory?

A) The need hierarchy is comprised of existence, relatedness, and growth
B) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need
C) Some individuals have a high need for achievement
D) Two sets of factors affect motivation: motivators and hygiene factors

Question 56

Procedural justice has a positive effect on all of the following except:

A) Organizational commitment
B) Getting along with others
C) Trust in superiors
D) Work effort

Question 57

Which of the following statements best reflects McClelland's theory?

A) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need
B) Two sets of factors affect motivation: motivators and hygiene factors
C) Some individuals have a high need for achievement
D) People attempt to satisfy basic needs before trying to satisfying higher-level needs

Question 58

Which of the following statements best reflects Maslow's theory?

A) People attempt to satisfy basic needs before trying to satisfying higher-level needs
B) The need hierarchy is comprised of existence, relatedness, and growth
C) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 59

_________ justice refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organization's processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

A) Perceived
B) Organizational
C) Procedural
D) Decision

Question 60

_______________ refers to the strength of a person's belief that attainment of a first-level outcome will lead to attaining one or more second-level outcomes.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Expectancy
D) Equity

Question 61

Maslow identified five needs and arranged them into a hierarchy. Identify the needs.

Question 62

_________ justice is the degree to which individuals feel fairly treated at the workplace.

A) Perceived
B) Organizational
C) Distributive
D) Reward

Question 63

All of the following are suggested ways to promote high levels of informational justice during turbulent times except:

A) Informal "chats" by top managers, whether in person or via e-mail or videoconference
B) Sugarcoating bad news
C) Establishing a human resources hotline that employees can call for updates
D) Creating a Web page that is updated on a daily basis

Question 64

____________theory emphasizes the cognitive processes and the role of intentional behavior in motivation.

A) Cognitive
B) Equity
C) Goal-setting
D) Intentional

Question 65

The ________________is an unwritten agreement between the individual and the organization that specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other.

A) exchange contract
B) psychological contract
C) psychological equation
D) relationship covenant

Question 66

Which of the following is considered a content theory?

A) Maslow: five-level need hierarchy
B) Vroom: an expectancy theory of choices
C) Locke: goal-setting theory that conscious goals and intentions are the determinants of behavior
D) All of the choices are based on content theory.

Question 67

______________ justice focuses on whether employees perceive that decisions and other communication from authorities are explained in a fair manner.

A) Cognitive
B) Distributive
C) Informational
D) Communications

Question 68

Looking at motivation from a content theory approach, the psychological contract suggests that, in return for time, effort, and other considerations, individuals want to receive:

A) Need gratification
B) Information equity
C) Motivation
D) Job satisfaction

Question 69

_________justice refers to judgments made by employees about whether they feel fairly treated by their supervisors and other authorities in the organization.

A) Interpersonal
B) Organizational
C) Distributive
D) Reward

Question 70

List three types of deficiencies needs address.

Question 71

Mike is putting forth an extreme effort to accomplish a goal. Based upon this statement we can say Mike has _______.

A) high goal commitment
B) high goal intensity
C) high goal drive
D) Both A and B

Question 72

Locke's goal theory highlights all of the following except:

A) Goal specificity
B) Goal intensity
C) Goal equity
D) Goal difficulty

Question 73

How are psychological and sociological deficiencies different? Provide an example of each.

Question 74

The text presents four content theories of motivation. What are they?

Question 75

To which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs does "receiving a sufficient salary to live on" belong?

Question 76

_______________ is/are individual-oriented, in that they place primary emphasis on the characteristics of people.

A) Content theories
B) Expectancy theory
C) Equity theory
D) Goal-setting theory

Question 77

In a very general sense, ____________ theory suggests that members of an organization engage in reasonably predictable give-and-take relationships (exchanges) with each other the organization.

A) equity
B) exchange
C) distribution
D) relationship

Question 78

Employees who experienced bullying and incivility at work were more likely to experience all of the following except:

A) Lower life satisfaction
B) Increased desire for informational justice
C) Lower organizational commitment
D) Conflict between work and family

Question 79

There are ____ components of organizational justice.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 80

Motivation is made up of all the following "components" except:

A) Direction
B) Intensity
C) Opportunity
D) Persistence