Deck 7: Motivation Ii: Equity, Expectancy, and Goal Setting

Question 1

In general,employees' perceptions of procedural justice are enhanced when they have a voice in the decision-making process.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Benevolents are people who have a higher tolerance for negative inequity.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A person will experience negative inequity when his/her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant co-worker.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to research,employees' job satisfaction was significantly related to middle management's commitment to management by objectives (MBO)implementation.

Question 5

Valence mirrors our personal preferences.

Question 6

According to Adams,the two primary components involved in the employee-employer exchange are inputs and outcomes.

Question 7

According to Vroom,motivation boils down to the decision of how much effort to exert in a specific task situation.

Question 8

Employees' perceptions of justice are strongly influenced by their managers' behaviors.

Question 9

Expectancy theory has not been supported by research.

Question 10

Expectancy represents an individual's belief that efforts leads to a specific level of performance.

Question 11

According to research,expectancy theory significantly predicts job performance,preference,effort,intentions,and choice.

Question 12

According to Festinger's theory,people are motivated to maintain consistency between their cognitive beliefs and their behavior.

Question 13

No matter how fair management thinks the organization's policies,procedures,and reward system are,each employee's perception of the equity of those factors is what counts.

Question 14

According to the expectancy theory,an instrumentality of -1.0 indicates that attainment of a particular outcome is totally dependent on task performance.

Question 15

Equity theory is based on goal-setting theory.

Question 16

Valence refers to the possession of great charisma.

Question 17

Personality plays a central role in expectancy theory because it emphasizes the cognitive ability to anticipate likely consequences of behavior.

Question 18

One organizational implication of expectancy theory is that rewarding people for desired performance and keeping pay decisions secret minimizes morale problems.

Question 19

Psychologist Leon Festinger pioneered the application of the equity principle to the workplace.

Question 20

One of the factors that influences an employee's expectancy perceptions is self-actualization.

Question 21

Motivation and performance are the same thing.

Question 22

According to Adams,the two primary components in the employee-employer exchange are:

A) money and motivation.
B) effort and performance.
C) pay and performance.
D) inputs and outcomes.
E) promotion and participation.

Question 23

Three general steps to follow when implementing a goal-setting program are: set goals,promote goal commitment,and provide support and feedback.

Question 24

Motivation cannot completely overcome deficient contextual factors.

Question 25

Research has failed to support goal setting as an effective motivational technique.

Question 26

According to Festinger's theory,people are motivated to maintain consistency between their cognitive beliefs and their:

A) behavior.
B) attitude.
C) personality.
D) character.
E) traits.

Question 27

_____ is a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships.

A) Hierarchy of needs theory
B) McClelland's need theory
C) Theory X
D) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
E) Equity theory

Question 28

The cognitive dissonance theory was developed by the psychologist:

A) Abraham Maslow.
B) Frederick Herzberg.
C) Leon Festinger.
D) J.Stacy Adams.
E) David McClelland.

Question 29

In the employee-employer exchange,the outcome component includes:

A) education/training.
B) seniority.
C) personality trait.
D) skills.
E) recognition.

Question 30

In the employee-employer exchange,an employee's inputs would include:

A) seniority.
B) job security.
C) status symbols.
D) recognition.
E) fringe benefits.

Question 31

Equity theory is based on _____ theory.

A) goal-setting
B) need satisfaction
C) cognitive dissonance
D) motivator-hygiene
E) expectancy

Question 32

Not only do goals make us selectively perceptive,they also motivate us to act.

Question 33

According to research,goal difficulty is negatively related to performance.

Question 34

Specific,difficult goals lead to higher performance for simple,but not for complex,tasks.

Question 35

_____ exists for an individual when his/her ratio of perceived outcomes to inputs is equal to the ratio of outcomes to inputs for a relevant co-worker.

A) Mutuality
B) Equity
C) Positive inequity
D) Negative inequity
E) Learned helplessness

Question 36

Johnny discovered that he was paid less compared to his co-worker,Jim,who had the same qualifications as him.However,Johnny also knew that Jim was handling additional responsibilities when compared to him.Hence,Johnny most likely perceived a sense of:

A) equity.
B) negative bias.
C) positive inequity.
D) learned helplessness.
E) high dissatisfaction.

Question 37

Research has revealed that participatively set goals are significantly more effective than assigned goals.

Question 38

Empirical studies have demonstrated that goal-based bonus incentives produced higher commitment to difficult goals,and lower commitment to easy goals.

Question 39

Successfully designing and implementing motivational programs is easy.

Question 40

Managers should consider individual differences between subordinates when setting goals.

Question 41

Embedded in expectancy theory is the principle of ____,which states that people strive to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain.

A) hedonism
B) instrumentality
C) equity
D) benevolence
E) valence

Question 42

Marie has no tolerance for negative inequity.She can be described as a(n):

A) benevolent.
B) comparison other.
C) sensitive.
D) strategist.
E) entitled.

Question 43

_____ are people who have a higher tolerance for negative inequity.

A) Entitleds
B) Strategists
C) Benevolents
D) Sensitives
E) Comparison others

Question 44

According to research,positive perceptions of distributive and procedural justice are enhanced by:

A) implementing a command-and-control structure.
B) reducing the number of rewards but increasing their intensity.
C) giving employees a "voice" in decisions that affect them.
D) interpersonal justice.
E) increasing the perception of negative inequity amongst employees.

Question 45

_____ are described as individuals who adhere to a strict norm of reciprocity and are quickly motivated to resolve both negative and positive inequity.

A) Benevolents
B) Entitleds
C) Sensitives
D) Comparison others
E) Equalists

Question 46

Employees of Carnation Motors have always felt that they are unfairly treated when procedures are implemented.Such employee perceptions reflect:

A) distributive justice.
B) intrapersonal justice.
C) practical justice.
D) procedural justice.
E) interactional justice.

Question 47

At work,if Joey's outcome to input ratio is greater than that of Tony's (his relevant co-worker),Joey will experience:

A) equity.
B) no satisfaction.
C) positive inequity.
D) high dissatisfaction.
E) negative inequity.

Question 48

Employees at Globe Trade,Inc.,have always felt that resources and rewards are allocated unfairly at work.Such employee perceptions reflect the lack of:

A) distributive justice.
B) interpersonal justice.
C) informational justice.
D) procedural justice.
E) interactional justice.

Question 49

_____ reflects the extent to which people perceive that they are treated fairly at work.

A) Corporate governance
B) Instrumentality
C) Organizational justice
D) Business ethics
E) Expectancy

Question 50

_____ theory of motivation is generally used to predict behavior in any situation in which a choice between two or more alternatives must be made.

A) Hierarchy of needs
B) McClelland's need
C) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene
D) Expectancy
E) Equity

Question 51

_____ reflects an individual's "different preferences for,tolerances for,and reactions to the level of fairness associated with any given situation."

A) Organizational commitment
B) Instrumentality
C) Equity bias
D) Expectancy
E) Equity sensitivity

Question 52

An individual's tolerance for negative and positive fairness is called:

A) dynamic equity.
B) interactional justice.
C) his expectancy threshold.
D) equity sensitivity.
E) instrumentality.

Question 53

As per the equity theory,if the comparison person receives greater outcomes for similar inputs,_____ will be perceived.

A) equity
B) negative inequity
C) no dissatisfaction
D) positive inequity
E) high satisfaction

Question 54

_____ plays a central role in expectancy theory because it emphasizes the cognitive ability to anticipate the likely consequences of behavior.

A) Personality
B) Value
C) Perception
D) Attitude
E) Belief

Question 55

____,according to Vroom's terminology,represents an individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance.

A) Expectancy
B) Benevolence
C) Equity
D) Instrumentality
E) Valence

Question 56

A person will experience _____ when his/her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant co-worker.

A) equity
B) learned helplessness
C) negative inequity
D) positive inequity
E) dissatisfaction

Question 57

According to Vroom,"expectancy" refers to which of the following linkages?

A) Performance → Effort
B) Outcome → Performance
C) Performance → Outcome
D) Effort → Performance
E) Valence → Effort

Question 58

_____ theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

A) Equity
B) Expectancy
C) Motivator-hygiene
D) Goal setting
E) Hierarchy of needs

Question 59

An expectancy of _____ indicates effort has no anticipated impact on performance.

A) zero
B) 1.0
C) -1.0
D) 0.5
E) any negative number

Question 60

_____ justice is defined as the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions.

A) Distributive
B) Procedural
C) Interpersonal
D) Informational
E) Interactional

Question 61

Goal _____ pertains to the quantifiability of a goal.

A) difficulty
B) commitment
C) specificity
D) instrumentality
E) equity

Question 62

The instructor's deadline for turning in your term project would prompt you to complete it,as opposed to going out with friends,watching television,or studying for another course.This is due to which of the following motivational mechanisms of goal setting?

A) Goals direct attention
B) Goals regulate effort
C) Goals increase patience
D) Goals increase persistence
E) Goals foster the development and application of task strategies and action plans

Question 63

If a professor is known to give everyone in the class an "A" regardless of performance level,then:

A) expectancy is high.
B) instrumentality is low.
C) instrumentality is high.
D) valence is low.
E) valence is high.

Question 64

Edwin Locke defines a(n)_____ as "what an individual is trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action."

A) expectancy
B) perception
C) goal
D) personality
E) instrumentality

Question 65

Which of the following is a performance → outcome perception?

A) Expectancy
B) Instrumentality
C) Valence
D) Distributive justice
E) MBO

Question 66

John wants to become a successful heart surgeon.This reflects John's:

A) expectancy.
B) perception.
C) goal.
D) personality.
E) instrumentality.

Question 67

_____ inform(s)people about performance standards and expectations so that they can channel their energies accordingly.In turn,_____ provide(s)the information needed to adjust direction,effort,and strategies for its accomplishment.

A) Feedback; goals
B) Goals; valence
C) Goals; persistence
D) Goals; feedback
E) Equity; goals

Question 68

_____ lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Expectancy
D) Feedback
E) Goal sensitivity

Question 69

Robert,the owner of Morewords Books,Inc.,told Adams,the new salesperson,to do his best.However,Adams was unsure what "best" meant and his performance remained poor compared to the rest of the sales team.This was because the goal given to Adams lacked:

A) specificity.
B) valence.
C) expectancy.
D) difficulty.
E) instrumentality.

Question 70

An instrumentality of zero indicates that:

A) the attainment of a particular outcome is totally dependent on task performance.
B) performance is totally dependent on effort.
C) high performance reduces the chance of obtaining an outcome while low performance increases the chance.
D) there is no relationship between performance and receiving an outcome.
E) performance is less dependent on effort and more dependent on luck.

Question 71

In Vroom's expectancy theory,_____ refer(s)to different consequences that are contingent on performance,such as pay,promotions,or recognition.

A) outcomes
B) perception
C) values
D) attitude
E) performance

Question 72

____,according to Vroom's terminology,represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.

A) Expectancy
B) Benevolence
C) Equity
D) Instrumentality
E) Valence

Question 73

An instrumentality of -1.0 reveals that:

A) the attainment of a particular outcome is totally dependent on task performance.
B) performance is totally dependent on effort.
C) high performance reduces the chance of obtaining an outcome while low performance increases the chance.
D) there is no relationship between performance and receiving an outcome.
E) performance is less dependent on effort and more dependent on luck.

Question 74

According to Vroom's terminology,performance is said to be _____ when it leads to something else.

A) entitled
B) benevolent
C) instrumental
D) equitable
E) sensitive

Question 75

Valence mirrors our:

A) personality.
B) expectancy.
C) instrumentality.
D) personal preferences.
E) behavior.

Question 76

The value of a reward or outcome,according to Vroom,is called:

A) expectancy.
B) instrumentality.
C) valence.
D) equity.
E) organizational justice.

Question 77

Which of the following is an important practical managerial implication of the expectancy theory?

A) Design challenging jobs.
B) Monitor employee motivation through interviews.
C) Reward people for desired performance.
D) Determine the outcomes employees value.
E) Tie some rewards to group accomplishments to build teamwork.

Question 78

An instrumentality of _____ indicates attainment of a particular outcome is totally dependent on task performance.

A) zero
B) 1.0
C) 2.0
D) -1.0
E) -2.0

Question 79

Within the context of goal setting,_____ represents the effort expended on a task over an extended period of time.

A) perception
B) instrumentality
C) persistence
D) valence
E) equity

Question 80

A management system that incorporates participation in decision making,goal setting,and objective feedback is known as:

A) organizational justice.
B) management by control.
C) an expectancy system.
D) management by objectives.
E) instrumentality.