Deck 8: Improving Performance With Feedback, Rewards, and Positive Reinforcement

Question 1

Upward feedback is generally anonymous.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When a reward comes from the environment,it is called an intrinsic reward.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Generally,people tend to perceive and recall positive feedback more accurately than they do negative feedback.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Constructive feedback serves two functions for those who receive it: judgmental and developmental.

Question 5

A good reward system should foster personal growth and development and keep talented people from leaving.

Question 6

One reason feedback often fails is because it is provided too quickly to do any good.

Question 7

To qualify as effective feedback,information must be subjective.

Question 8

In a field study of corporate managers,upward feedback had a negative impact on the performance of low-to-moderate performers.

Question 9

Upward feedback is not a part of 360-degree feedback programs.

Question 10

To get results,feedback should focus on personalities as well as performance.

Question 11

Most employees really want feedback about how they are performing in their jobs.

Question 12

In his research,psychologist Edward L.Thorndike distinguished between respondent and operant behavior.

Question 13

One reason why rewards often fail to motivate is not enough emphasis on monetary rewards.

Question 14

Employee engagement is fueled by intrinsic motivation.

Question 15

One reason nontraditional feedback is growing in popularity is that top-down feedback meshes very well with employee empowerment.

Question 16

Pay for performance is the term for monetary incentives tied to one's results or accomplishments.

Question 17

Pay for performance is also called "variable pay."

Question 18

The relative importance of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards is a matter of culture and personal tastes.

Question 19

One reason feedback often fails is because it is used to punish,embarrass,or put down employees.

Question 20

Research results show a strong relationship between financial incentives and work quality.

Question 21

_____ is objective information about performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation.

A) Reinforcement
B) Feedback
C) Rewards
D) Punishment
E) Evaluation

Question 22

In the R-S model,the "R" and "S" stand for "reward" and "stimulus."

Question 23

_____ is the exchange of information about the status and quality of work products.It provides a road map to success.

A) Performance appraisal
B) Performance management
C) Management by objectives
D) Feedback
E) Total quality management

Question 24

Respondent behavior describes only a very small proportion of adult human behavior.

Question 25

Feedback is said to be _____ when it serves as a reward or promises a reward.

A) motivational
B) judgemental
C) instructional
D) developmental
E) ineffective

Question 26

Feedback is said to be _____ when an assistant accountant is advised to handle a certain entry as a capital item rather than as an expense item.

A) motivational
B) judgemental
C) instructional
D) developmental
E) negative

Question 27

Generally,people tend to perceive and recall _____ feedback more accurately than they do _____ feedback.

A) positive; negative
B) upward; downward
C) negative; positive
D) negative; downward
E) downward; upward

Question 28

Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment because they have the same effect on behavior.

Question 29

Traditional appraisals are different from feedback in the sense that they:

A) discourage two-way communication.
B) provide a road map to success.
C) treat employee involvement positively.
D) encourage employees to participate in performance review.
E) ensure that the manager and employees are in sync with respect to the work to be performed.

Question 30

Lotteries are examples of fixed interval reinforcement.

Question 31

Shaping is defined as the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior.

Question 32

Generally,variable ratio and variable interval schedules of reinforcement produce the strongest behavior most resistant to extinction.

Question 33

Random supervisory praise is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule.

Question 34

Feedback becomes positive or negative when it:

A) serves as information.
B) is given by a subordinate.
C) is compared to a goal,standard,or expectation.
D) does not serve as a basis for improvement.
E) results from positive or negative equity.

Question 35

Feedback serves two functions for those who receive it: _____ and:

A) judgmental; developmental.
B) judgmental; motivational.
C) motivational; developmental.
D) instructional; motivational.
E) developmental; instructional.

Question 36

Self-efficacy can be damaged by _____ feedback.

A) positive
B) negative
C) upward
D) downward
E) 360-degree

Question 37

With a fixed interval schedule,a certain number of responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs.

Question 38

The three main sources of feedback include oneself,others,and:

A) society.
B) peers.
C) customers.
D) the task itself.
E) perception of the individual performing the task.

Question 39

Intermittent reinforcement involves reinforcement of some but not all instances of a target behavior.

Question 40

Extinction is the weakening of a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.

Question 41

_____ feedback stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower-level employees provide feedback on a manager's style and performance.

A) Vertical
B) Top-down
C) Horizontal
D) Upward
E) Motivational

Question 42

_____ is the popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the pay check directly to results or accomplishments.

A) Pay for performance
B) Non-variable pay
C) Equity
D) Salary
E) Wage

Question 43

_____ encompass not only compensation and benefits,but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition,job design,and work-life balance.

A) Performance evaluations
B) Total rewards
C) Full-circle rewards
D) Profit-sharing plans
E) Non-performance considerations

Question 44

The three general criteria for distribution of rewards include performance-based results,performance-based actions and behaviors,and:

A) gender.
B) non-performance considerations.
C) level of perceived equity.
D) personality.
E) attitude.

Question 45

_____ rewards are self-granted.

A) Financial
B) Intrinsic
C) Material
D) Extrinsic
E) Social

Question 46

According to research,upward and 360-degree feedback leads us to _____ anonymity and _____ use for pay and promotion decisions.

A) favor; discourage
B) favor; encourage
C) disfavor; discourage
D) disfavor; encourage
E) encourage; favor

Question 47

One of the main reasons why rewards fail to motivate is because:

A) they are given almost immediately after performance.
B) of the lack of emphasis on monetary rewards.
C) different rewards are given for different achievements.
D) of the use of one-shot rewards with a short-lived motivational impact.
E) extensive rewards fail to become entitlements.

Question 48

Feedback should be:

A) used to punish employees.
B) given at the end of a year or on a half-yearly basis.
C) given about things that are beyond the individual's control.
D) delivered as soon as possible to the time the behavior was displayed.
E) negative as far as possible since negative feedback tends to motivate individuals.

Question 49

Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?

A) Financial
B) Social
C) Psychic
D) Material
E) Environmental

Question 50

Pay for performance is also referred to as:

A) fixed compensation.
B) equity pay.
C) variable pay.
D) base salary.
E) living wages.

Question 51

The most basic form of pay for performance is the traditional _____ plan,whereby the employee is paid a specified amount of money for each unit of work.

A) time-rate
B) sales commission
C) profit-sharing
D) merit pay
E) piece-rate

Question 52

Which of the following is a non-performance consideration for the distribution of rewards?

A) Teamwork
B) Organizational performance
C) Nature of work
D) Risk taking
E) Quantity and quality of performance

Question 53

When rewards come from the environment,they are called _____ rewards.

A) extrinsic
B) psychic
C) intrinsic
D) taxable
E) equity

Question 54

The behavioral outcomes of feedback include direction,effort,persistence,and:

A) forecasting.
B) personality.
C) resistance.
D) shaping.
E) formulating goal-attainment strategies.

Question 55

According to research,managers who received anonymous upward feedback received _____ ratings and liked the process _____ than did those receiving feedback from identifiable employees.

A) higher; less
B) lower; less
C) higher; more
D) lower; more
E) moderate; more

Question 56

Which of the following says that behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated,while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear?

A) Law of effect
B) Behaviorism
C) Operant conditioning
D) Reward equity norm
E) Extinction

Question 57

Comparison of anonymous feedback from one's supervisor,subordinates,and peers with self-perceptions is known as _____ feedback.
A.
upward
B.
horizontal
C.
positive
D.
negative
E.
360-degree

Question 58

When Jenny evaluates her supervisor,she is providing _____ feedback.

A) upward
B) downward
C) horizontal
D) diagonal
E) top-down

Question 59

Which of the following is an action or behavior-related performance criterion for the distribution of rewards?

A) Equity
B) Tenure
C) Level in hierarchy
D) Organizational performance
E) Teamwork and creativity in performance

Question 60

Angelina derives pleasure from the actual task of writing a book.She can be described as _____ motivated.

A) extrinsically
B) financially
C) materially
D) intrinsically
E) socially

Question 61

_____ is the process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing.

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Extinction
D) Negative reinforcement
E) Operant behavior

Question 62

_____ behavior refers to learned,consequences-shaped behavior.

A) Operant
B) Respondent
C) Effective
D) Normative
E) Extinct

Question 63

Rose did not finish her homework by the 7:00 p.m.deadline given her,so she was barred from watching television for one week.This is an example of:

A) punishment.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) shaping.

Question 64

Which of the following weaken behavior?

A) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
B) Punishment and extinction
C) Positive reinforcement and extinction
D) Punishment and negative reinforcement
E) Negative reinforcement and extinction

Question 65

Skinner's work became known as behaviorism because he dealt strictly with:

A) observable behavior.
B) unobservable inner states.
C) equity perception.
D) attitudes.
E) non-performance criteria.

Question 66

According to Skinner,which of the following categories of behavior described a very small proportion of adult human behavior,such as shedding tears while peeling onions and reflexively withdrawing one's hand from a hot stove?

A) Operant behavior
B) Respondent behavior
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Learned behavior
E) Unobservable inner states

Question 67

Employees at Max Manufacturing strive to operate at a zero-defect level because each one of them gets publicly recognized for their individual and team accomplishments.This is an example of:

A) extinction.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) respondent behavior.
D) punishment.
E) negative reinforcement.

Question 68

Emma's mother praises her every time she draws a new picture in her drawing book.This motivates Emma to draw more and more new pictures in her book.Emma's mom is indulging in _____ reinforcement.

A) continuous
B) intermittent
C) negative
D) fixed ratio
E) variable ratio

Question 69

When John makes sexist remarks to be humorous,Kathy and Ben ignore him and do not laugh at his jokes.This is an example of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) extinction.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) punishment.
E) shaping.

Question 70

Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections as _____ behavior.

A) operant
B) respondent
C) effective
D) normative
E) extinct

Question 71

_____ is the process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive.

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Respondent behavior
C) Extinction
D) Negative reinforcement
E) Punishment

Question 72

When a behavior is reinforced every time,it refers to:

A) continuous reinforcement.
B) variable interval reinforcement.
C) fixed ratio reinforcement.
D) variable ratio reinforcement.
E) fixed interval reinforcement.

Question 73

Making behavior occur less often by ignoring or not reinforcing it is called:

A) punishment.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) shaping.

Question 74

Skinner attached the label "operant behavior" to behavior that is learned when one "operates on" the environment to produce desired consequences.Some call this the _____ model.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) performance management
C) response-stimulus
D) negative reinforcement
E) balanced equity

Question 75

When a fixed number of responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs,it refers to:

A) continuous reinforcement.
B) variable interval reinforcement.
C) fixed ratio reinforcement.
D) variable ratio reinforcement.
E) fixed interval reinforcement.

Question 76

Slot machines that pay off after a random number of lever pulls are an example of:

A) continuous reinforcement.
B) variable interval reinforcement.
C) fixed ratio reinforcement.
D) variable ratio reinforcement.
E) fixed interval reinforcement.

Question 77

Employees at Studious Bookstore show up on time just to avoid the manager screaming at them.This is an example of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) extinction.
C) punishment.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) respondent behavior.

Question 78

Which of the following strengthen behavior?

A) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
B) Punishment and extinction
C) Positive reinforcement and extinction
D) Punishment and negative reinforcement
E) Negative reinforcement and extinction

Question 79

A _____ reinforcement schedule is said to be followed when a random number of responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs.

A) continuous
B) fixed interval
C) variable interval
D) fixed ratio
E) variable ratio

Question 80

Which of the following strengthens a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Extinction
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Punishment
E) Respondent behavior