Deck 4: Contingency Theories in Leadership

Question 1

According to the leadership continuum model, a leader should consider three variables-boss, subordinates, and situation (time)-before selecting one of seven leadership styles.

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

According to contingency leadership theories, leadership success requires that managers adapt different leadership styles to meet the situation.

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

The growing cultural diversity of the workforce and the increasing globalization of the marketplace creates the need for leaders with multicultural backgrounds and experiences.

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

To determine whether a leader's style is more task-motivated or more relationship-motivated, Fiedler uses his Least Preferred Coworker Scale.

Question 5

According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership, the more control the leader has over the followers, the less favorable the situation is for the leader.

Question 6

According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership, a leader's effectiveness is a function of the leader's style and the favorableness of the situation to that style.

Question 7

Situational favorableness refers to the degree to which a situation enables the leader to exert influence over the followers.

Question 8

National culture should have little effect on the way organizations manage.

Question 9

If the leadership style does not match the situation, Fiedler recommends to change the leadership style, rather than the situation.

Question 10

Global companies such as McDonald's with restaurants all over the world do not have to be concerned about differences in leadership styles across countries.

Question 11

Tannenbaum and Schmidt's Leadership Continuum Model has two leadership styles which are similar to the ones in University of Michigan Leadership Model.

Question 12

Leadership models explain the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation.

Question 13

The two major continuum leadership model styles are boss-centered and subordinate-centered.

Question 14

The leadership continuum model is a one-dimensional model.

Question 15

The three variables of situational favorableness include task structure, position power, and leadership style.

Question 16

Fred E. Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership states that leadership styles are basically constant.

Question 17

In Europe and other parts of the world, managers have fewer cultural than technical variables to deal with because of similar value systems and religious backgrounds among employees.

Question 18

The major difference between behavioral and contingency leadership theories is that contingency leadership theories attempt to determine the one best leadership style in all situations.

Question 19

Reviews of the research on Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership have concluded that the research tends to support the model, but not for every situation.

Question 20

Task structure is the most powerful determinant of overall situational favorableness.

Question 21

The first step for using the normative leadership model is to select a time-driven model or development-driven model.

Question 22

Path-goal leadership theory is based on motivation theories of goal setting and expectancy theory.

Question 23

Providing high structure is an example of directive leadership style.

Question 24

The path-goal leadership model is used to determine which one of seven styles to select, based on the use of boss-centered versus subordinate-centered leadership, to meet the situation (boss, subordinates, situation/time) in order to maximize performance.

Question 25

Not all seven variables/questions are relevant to all decisions using the normative leadership model.

Question 26

When using the normative leadership model, the more expertise the leader has, the less need there is for follower participation.

Question 27

Environment situational factors include task structure, formal authority, and work group.

Question 28

The normative leadership model has a time-driven and development-driven decision tree that enables the user to select one of five leadership styles (decide, consult individually, consult group, facilitate, and delegate) appropriate for the situation (seven questions/variables) to maximize decisions.

Question 29

Achievement-oriented leadership is appropriate when followers are open to autocratic leadership, have external locus of control, and follower ability is high.

Question 30

The time-driven model is concerned with making effective decisions with minimum cost.

Question 31

Robert Treehouse developed the path-goal leadership theory.

Question 32

The participative style includes employee input into decision making.

Question 33

The normative leadership style that lets the group diagnose the problem and make the decision within stated limits is facilitate.

Question 34

The normative leadership model is not popular with managers because it is not based on research.

Question 35

The role of the leader is to answer questions and provide encouragement and resources using the facilitate leadership style.

Question 36

When a leader sets difficult but achievable goals, expects followers to perform at their highest level, and rewards them for doing so, the leader is using a participative style.

Question 37

Normative leadership theory led to the development of the theory of charismatic leadership.

Question 38

Authoritarianism is the extent of the leader's position power.

Question 39

Supportive leadership is appropriate when the followers do not want autocratic leadership, have external locus of control, and follower ability is high.

Question 40

The variables used to determine the leadership style using the path-goal leadership theory include the subordinate and environment.

Question 41

Fiedler believed that one's leadership style is a reflection of:

A) heredity.
B) personality.
C) behavior and personality.
D) heredity and behavior.

Question 42

A leadership model:

A) is an explanation of some aspect of leadership.
B) has practical value.
C) is used when selecting the appropriate leadership style for a given situation.
D) explains the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation.

Question 43

The two major continuum leadership model leadership styles are:

A) boss-centered and subordinate-centered.
B) boss-centered and leader-centered.
C) leader-centered and task-centered.
D) none of the answers are correct

Question 44

Neutralizers for leadership include characteristics of the subordinate, task, and organization that replace the need for a leader or neutralize the leader's behavior.

Question 45

The contingency leadership model and normative leadership model are prescriptive models, because they tell the user exactly which leadership style to use in a given situation.

Question 46

A ____ is an example for use in a given situation.

A) leadership theory
B) leadership model
C) contingency theory
D) none of the answers are correct

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the variables that determine situational favorableness?

A) task structure
B) locus of control
C) position power
D) leader-member relations

Question 48

Which of the following best represents a situation in which a task-oriented leadership style should be used?

A) a leader with strong power has good relations with a nonrepetitive task worker
B) a leader with weak power has good relations with a nonrepetitive task worker
C) a leader with weak power has poor relations with a repetitive task worker
D) a leader with strong power has poor relations with a repetitive task worker

Question 49

Before selecting one of the seven leadership styles on the leadership continuum, the leader must consider which one of the following variables?

A) the situation
B) the leader's personality
C) the followers' preferred style for the leader
D) all of the answers are correct

Question 50

The most powerful determinant of overall situational favorableness is:

A) task structure.
B) locus of control.
C) position power.
D) leader-member relations.

Question 51

The ____ leadership model is used to determine if a person's leadership style is task- or relationship-oriented, and if the situation matches the leader's style to maximize performance.

A) behavioral
B) path-goal
C) contingency
D) normative

Question 52

Today, more companies are looking for graduates with ____.

A) more collective responsibility.
B) International openness and flexibility
C) more holistic concern for employees.
D) longer periods of employment.

Question 53

Which of the following best represents a situation in which a task-oriented leadership style should be used?

A) a leader with weak power has good relations with a repetitive task worker
B) a leader with weak power has good relations with a nonrepetitive task worker
C) a leader with strong power has poor relations with a repetitive task worker
D) a leader with weak power has poor relations with a repetitive task worker

Question 54

Which of the following best represents a situation in which a relationship-oriented leadership style should be used?

A) a leader with strong power has good relations with a nonrepetitive task worker
B) a leader with strong power has poor relations with a repetitive task worker
C) a leader with strong power has good relations with a repetitive task worker
D) a leader with weak power has poor relations with a nonrepetitive task worker

Question 55

Which of the following is used to determine which one of seven styles to select, based on the use of boss-centered versus subordinate-centered leadership, to meet the situation in order to maximize performance?

A) contingency leadership model
B) normative leadership model
C) path-goal leadership model
D) leadership continuum model

Question 56

The continuum and path-goal leadership models are descriptive models, because users select the appropriate leadership style for a given situation based on their own judgment.

Question 57

Characteristics of the task include formalization (explicit plans, goals, and areas of responsibility), inflexibility (rigid, unbending rules and procedures), and invariant methodology.

Question 58

The contingency leadership model leadership variables include:

A) the leader.
B) the followers.
C) the situation.
D) all of the answers are correct

Question 59

Which of the following best represents a situation in which a task-oriented leadership style should be used?

A) a leader with strong power has good relations with a repetitive task worker
B) a leader with weak power has good relations with a nonrepetitive task worker
C) a leader with strong power has poor relations with a repetitive task worker
D) a leader with strong power has poor relations with a nonrepetitive task worker

Question 60

The continuum leadership model major leadership variables include:

A) the boss.
B) the subordinates.
C) the situation/time.
D) all of the answers are correct

Question 61

To use the normative leadership model, you must do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) have a specific decision to make.
B) have the authority to make a decision.
C) have specific followers.
D) ask each follower's opinion.

Question 62

The normative leadership model uses decision trees that are:

A) time-driven and developmental-driven.
B) leader-driven and follower-driven.
C) task-driven and people-driven.
D) goal-driven and decision-driven.

Question 63

Authoritarianism is the degree to which employees:

A) defer to others.
B) want to be told what to do.
C) want to be told how to do the job.
D) all of the answers are correct

Question 64

The normative leadership model has ____ leadership styles.

A) five
B) two
C) four
D) three

Question 65

The leader who makes a decision and sells it to followers through a presentation of why it's a good idea uses which style on the leadership continuum model?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 3
D) 1

Question 66

Based on the situational factors, the ____ leadership style is most appropriate when followers want to be involved.

A) directive
B) supportive
C) participative
D) achievement-oriented

Question 67

The normative leadership model considers all of the following EXCEPT:

A) leader expertise.
B) delegation style.
C) importance of commitment.
D) decision significance.

Question 68

All seven questions in the normative leadership model:

A) are always answered in the same order for important decisions.
B) need not always be answered for certain decisions.
C) are based on scientific research.
D) can be nullified in the case of low employee motivation.

Question 69

Unlike other contingency leadership models, the path-goal leadership model does not have a ____ trait.

A) followers
B) leader
C) situation
D) behavior

Question 70

____ leadership is appropriate when followers are open to autocratic leadership, have external locus of control, and follower ability is high.

A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Achievement-oriented

Question 71

The leader who permits followers to make ongoing decisions within defined limits uses which style on the leadership continuum model?

A) 4
B) 7
C) 6
D) 1

Question 72

The normative leadership model includes all of the following leadership styles EXCEPT:

A) decide.
B) consult group.
C) facilitate.
D) participative.

Question 73

In the normative leadership model, the ____ leadership style lets the group diagnose the problem and make the decision within stated limits.

A) consult group
B) facilitate
C) delegate
D) decide

Question 74

Based on the situational factors, the ____ leadership style provides high structure.

A) directive
B) supportive
C) participative
D) achievement-oriented

Question 75

One of the difficulties in testing the path-goal theory is:

A) ethical considerations in creating samples.
B) the complexity of the theory.
C) that it doesn't take enough variables into account.
D) none of the answers are correct

Question 76

Environment situational factors include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) locus of control.
B) task structure.
C) work group.
D) formal authority.

Question 77

____ leadership is appropriate when the followers do not want autocratic leadership, have internal locus of control, and follower ability is high.

A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Achievement-oriented

Question 78

The path-goal leadership styles include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) directive.
B) supportive.
C) participative.
D) affiliation-oriented.

Question 79

____ means that the leader works with followers to help them identify and learn the behaviors that will lead to successful task accomplishment and organizational rewards.

A) Path clarification
B) Directive leadership
C) Prescriptive leadership
D) none of the answers are correct

Question 80

Based on the situational factors, the ____ leadership style provides high consideration.

A) directive
B) supportive
C) participative
D) achievement-oriented