Deck 1: Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Blood flows from the left atrium through the _____ valve into the left ventricle.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Answer 1

A
Blood flows from the left atrium through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle.

Question 2

The apex of the heart is formed by the _____.

A) tip of the left ventricle
B) tip of the right atrium
C) right atrium and right ventricle
D) left atrium and left ventricle

Answer 2

A
The heart's apex, or lower portion, is formed by the tip of the left ventricle. The apex lies just above the diaphragm, between the fifth and sixth ribs, in the midclavicular line.

Question 3

The anterior surface of the heart consists primarily of the _____.

A) left atrium
B) right atrium
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle

Answer 3

D
The front (anterior) surface of the heart lies behind the sternum and costal cartilages. It is formed by portions of the right atrium and the left and right ventricles. However, because the heart is tilted slightly toward the left in the chest, the right ventricle is the area of the heart that lies most directly behind the sternum.

Question 4

Which of the following are semilunar valves?

A) Aortic and pulmonic
B) Aortic and tricuspid
C) Pulmonic and mitral
D) Tricuspid and mitral

Question 5

The right atrium receives venous blood from the head, neck, and thorax via the _____, from the remainder of the body via the _____, and from the heart via the _____.

A) coronary sinus; superior vena cava; inferior vena cava
B) superior vena cava; coronary sinus; inferior vena cava
C) inferior vena cava; superior vena cava; coronary sinus
D) superior vena cava; inferior vena cava; coronary sinus

Question 6

The primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are _____.

A) dopamine and acetylcholine
B) muscarine and norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine and epinephrine
D) norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 7

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the _____ valve to the aorta and its branches and is distributed throughout the body.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Question 8

Complete occlusion of the _____ coronary artery, also referred to as the widow maker, usually results in sudden death.

A) right
B) left main
C) circumflex
D) left anterior descending

Question 9

Blood flows from the right atrium through the _____ valve into the right ventricle.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Question 10

Which side of the heart is a low-pressure system that pumps venous blood to the lungs?

A) Left
B) Right

Question 11

The right ventricle expels blood through the _____ valve into the pulmonary trunk.

A) mitral
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) tricuspid

Question 12

The thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers necessary for contraction is the _____.

A) epicardium
B) pericardium
C) myocardium
D) endocardium

Question 13

Stimulation of beta2 receptor sites results in _____.

A) increased heart rate
B) peripheral vasoconstriction
C) constriction of renal blood vessels
D) dilation of bronchial smooth muscle

Question 14

The base of the heart is found at approximately the level of the _____ rib(s).

A) first
B) second
C) fourth
D) fifth and sixth

Question 15

Rapid ejection of blood from the ventricular chambers of the heart occurs because the _____ and _____ valves open.

A) pulmonic; aortic
B) tricuspid; mitral
C) pulmonic; mitral
D) tricuspid; aortic

Question 16

The heart is divided into _____ chambers but functions as a _____-sided pump.

A) two; four
B) three; two
C) four; two
D) four; three

Question 17

Blood pressure is determined by _____ multiplied by _____.

A) stroke volume; heart rate
B) heart rate; cardiac output
C) cardiac output; peripheral vascular resistance
D) stroke volume; peripheral vascular resistance

Question 18

The left atrium receives blood from the _____.

A) pulmonary veins
B) aorta
C) pulmonary arteries
D) inferior vena cava

Question 19

Which side of the heart is a high-pressure system that pumps arterial blood to the systemic circulation?

A) Left
B) Right

Question 20

Stimulation of alpha1 receptors results in _____.

A) increased heart rate
B) peripheral vasoconstriction
C) constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
D) increased force of myocardial contraction

Question 21

When the left ventricle contracts, freshly oxygenated blood flows through the _____ valve into the _____.

A) aortic; aorta
B) mitral; right atrium
C) tricuspid; right ventricle
D) pulmonic; pulmonary arteries

Question 22

The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is _____.

A) dopamine
B) muscarine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Question 23

Thin strands of fibrous connective tissue extend from the atrioventricular (AV) valves to the papillary muscles and prevent the AV valves from bulging back into the atria during ventricular systole. These strands are called _____.

A) cardiac cilia
B) Purkinje fibers
C) papillary muscles
D) chordae tendineae

Question 24

The _____ artery supplies the right atrium and ventricle with blood.

A) right coronary
B) left main coronary
C) left circumflex
D) left anterior descending

Question 25

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation

Question 26

__________ is the period during which a heart chamber is contracting and blood is being ejected.

Question 27

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 28

Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptor sites will result in peripheral vasoconstriction.

Question 29

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Space between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus, among other structures

Question 30

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure

Question 31

The inferior outer surface of the heart is also called the _____ surface.

Question 32

The ______ chambers receive blood from the vena cava and coronary sinus.

Question 33

The _____ are the heart chambers that pump blood.

Question 34

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Electrolyte very important in cardiac muscle contraction.

Question 35

The thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers necessary for contraction is the __________.

Question 36

_____ is the period of relaxation during which a heart chamber is filling.

Question 37

Chronotropy refers to an effect on _____.

A) heart rate
B) force of contraction
C) bronchial smooth muscle
D) speed of conduction through the atrioventricular node

Question 38

Blood pressure is the result of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.

Question 39

The tricuspid valve is _____.

A) a semilunar valve
B) located between the left ventricle and aorta
C) located between the right atrium and right ventricle
D) located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 40

The left main coronary artery divides into the _____ branches.

A) marginal and circumflex
B) marginal and anterior descending
C) anterior and posterior descending
D) anterior interventricular artery descending and circumflex

Question 41

Describe the function of the right atrium of the heart.

Question 42

What effects can be expected from parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Question 43

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
A negative _____ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate.

Question 44

List three types of sympathetic (adrenergic) receptor sites.

Question 45

Define atrial kick.

Question 46

List six of the signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output.

Question 47

Name the valve that separates the right ventricle from the right atrium.

Question 48

Define systole.

Question 49

List two factors that may affect the heart's efficiency as a pump.

Question 50

Briefly describe parasympathetic innervation of the heart.

Question 51

What is meant by the term ejection fraction?

Question 52

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats/min. His stroke volume is 70 mL/beat. Is his cardiac output normal, decreased, or increased?

Question 53

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
A buildup of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause cardiac _____.

Question 54

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation

Question 55

The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from three vessels. Name them.

Question 56

What factors affect afterload?

Question 57

What effects can be expected from sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Question 58

What factors affect stroke volume?

Question 59

Match each item to the correct description below.
a.Acute coronary syndromes
b.Chronotropic
c.Tamponade
d.Chemoreceptors
e.Mediastinum
f.Myocardial ischemia
g.Venous return
h.Baroreceptors
i.Calcium
Term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery

Question 60

Explain the Frank-Starling law of the heart.

Question 61

Name the two main branches of the left coronary artery.

Question 62

Your patient is a 62-year-old woman complaining of a "racing heart." Your examination of the patient reveals a pulse rate of 192 beats/min. Briefly explain why recognition of a rapid heart rate is important when providing patient care.