Deck 4: Attitudes, Emotions, and Ethics

Question 1

When one's attitudes and required job behavior conflict, may occur.

A) affect
B) attitude consonance
C) social learning
D) cognitive dissonance

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Attitudes are an important factor in organizational behavior because:

A) they are not measurable.
B) they are responsible only for the negative behavior of employees at work.
C) they are closely linked to behavior.
D) they can be measured only by observation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The strength of an individual's identification with an organization is known as:

A) organizational citizenship behavior.
B) organizational commitment.
C) continuance commitment.
D) behavioral commitment.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following sentences is NOT an indication of affect?

A) He believes that young employees are error prone.
B) She dislikes eating lunch in the company cafeteria.
C) He prefers group discussion.
D) She likes the new phone system.

Question 5

Job satisfaction has been shown to be related to organizational citizenship, which is:

A) the tendency to exhibit strong ethical behavior.
B) behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty on behalf of an organization.
C) organizational commitment based on the fact that an individual cannot afford to leave.
D) the tendency to look for the positive within organizations.

Question 6

Job satisfaction and employee performance are likely to be positively related when:

A) pay is linked to attendance.
B) managers work hard to keep employees happy and use a non-participative style of management.
C) rewards are valued by employees and are tied directly to performance.
D) employee turnover is high.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a type of organizational commitment?

A) Affective
B) Continuance
C) Normative
D) Citizenship

Question 8

When an employee remains with a firm because he or she faces significant exit barriers, this can be characterized as:

A) organizational citizenship.
B) withdrawal syndrome.
C) continuance commitment.
D) dysfunctional attachment.

Question 9

Attitudes are learned and two major influences include:

A) repeated behavior and emotions.
B) direct experience and social learning.
C) cognitive dissonance and negative affectivity.
D) moods and emotional intelligence.

Question 10

Asking an employee whether he or she would use a new computer software package is an attempt to determine:

A) affect.
B) cognition.
C) the emotional component of attitude.
D) behavioral intention.

Question 11

The attitude-behavior connection is much closer when:

A) attitudes are general.
B) attitude measurement is done very close to the behavior of interest.
C) one's personality exhibits high self-monitoring.
D) the social context doesn't reinforce the relationship between attitudes and behavior.

Question 12

A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences reflects:

A) job involvement.
B) job satisfaction.
C) loyalty.
D) job morale.

Question 13

If a salesperson is required to sell a defective TV set but believes this act to be unethical, he or she would:

A) experience self- monitoring.
B) experience the discomfort of cognitive dissonance.
C) need to be at Kohlberg's 5th level of cognitive development in order to resolve the conflict between attitudes and behavior.
D) experience social learning.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding job satisfaction and organizational commitment?

A) They are reciprocally related.
B) They are strongly positively related.
C) Organizational commitment moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and performance.
D) There is a curvilinear relationship between the two variables.

Question 15

Assume you are a supervisor who strongly endorses keeping an open line of communication with your employees. You always keep your office door open, and you instruct your secretary to not screen phone calls from employees. These conditions include:

A) attitude specificity.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) little connection between attitudes and appropriate behavior.
D) non-compliance with social constraints.

Question 16

An individual's psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor reflects:

A) an attitude.
B) one's mood.
C) values.
D) ethics.

Question 17

If an individual from a country holds a negative attitude toward women in management because of a cultural belief system, but does not reflect behavior consistent with that attitude in a group, the link between the attitude-behavior is probably weak because:

A) the measurement timing is poor.
B) of social constraints.
C) the individual is a low self-monitor.
D) of low attitude relevance.

Question 18

A major reason why attitudes derived from direct experience are so powerful is because:

A) such attitudes are not resistant to change.
B) they are easily accessed and are active in our cognitive processes.
C) they are accessible through the left part of the brain which is more intuitive.
D) of the behavioral intention component of an attitude.

Question 19

Employee loyalty toward the organization is a significant factor in:

A) job displacement.
B) continuance commitment.
C) affective commitment.
D) employee turnover.

Question 20

The JDI measures:

A) job performance.
B) attitude specificity.
C) employee absenteeism.
D) job satisfaction.

Question 21

Acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society is called:

A) emotional behavior.
B) ethical behavior.
C) cognitive behavior.
D) loyal behavior.

Question 22

Counterproductive behavior that violates organizational norms and causes harms to others in an organization is known as:

A) OCB.
B) WDB.
C) JDI.
D) MSQ.

Question 23

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be persuaded to change?

A) A low self-esteem individual
B) An individual who holds an extreme attitude
C) A high self-esteem individual
D) Someone who is in the peripheral route of a persuasion attempt

Question 24

A flight attendant who is expected to act cheerful and happy as a part of the job would likely experience:

A) emotional deviance.
B) positive emotional contagion.
C) emotional labor.
D) a decrease in emotional intelligence.

Question 25

Which two major factors influence ethical behavior?

A) Religion and emotional intelligence
B) The law of the land and personal intelligence
C) Emotions and moods
D) Individual characteristics and organizational factors

Question 26

The process of managing emotions in order to fit the rules of the job would be considered emotional:

A) effort.
B) contagion.
C) labor.
D) conflict.

Question 27

The goals to be achieved, or the end states of existence, are called .

A) instrumental values
B) terminal values
C) lifelong values
D) permanent values

Question 28

Which of the following qualities has NOT been suggested as important to making ethical decisions?

A) Competence to identify issues
B) Self-confidence to seek out different opinions
C) Tough-mindedness
D) Attractiveness

Question 29

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion proposes that:

A) persuasion occurs through command-and-control management.
B) the likelihood that an attitude will change is largely dependent on the amount of time spent attempting to change the attitude.
C) attitudinal change is a function of three interactive routes, physical, mental, and visual.
D) persuasion occurs over two routes, the central and the peripheral.

Question 30

Which of the following types of behaviors did actor Charlie Sheen of "Two and a Half Men" best reflect when he went on a highly publicized rant against the show?

A) WDB
B) OCB
C) MSQ
D) JDI

Question 31

Discrete and fairly short-lived feelings with a specific, known cause defines .

A) emotions
B) moods
C) attitudes
D) emotional contagion

Question 32

An enduring belief that a particular behavior or end state of existence is preferred is known as a(n) .

A) message
B) value
C) ethic
D) attitude

Question 33

The three major aspects of the source characteristic affecting persuasion include:

A) expertise, credibility, and charisma.
B) credibility, charisma, and attractiveness.
C) expertise, charisma, and attractiveness.
D) expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness.

Question 34

When JetBlue flight attendant Steven Slater ranted and exited the airplane and Serena Williams, playing for the U.S. Open, lambasted a referee causing her to lose the match, they were reflecting:

A) emotional contagion.
B) OCB.
C) amygdala highjack.
D) surface acting emotional labor.

Question 35

Emotional intelligence refers to the:

A) ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and in others.
B) discrepancy between one's felt emotion and one's expressed emotion.
C) dynamic process through which the emotions of one person are transferred to another either consciously or unconsciously through nonverbal channels.
D) ability to recognize whether a central or peripheral route to persuasion would be more useful in persuading individuals to change their attitude.

Question 36

The two major cognitive routes to persuasion include:

A) the direct and central.
B) the direct and peripheral.
C) the central and circular.
D) the central and peripheral.

Question 37

Which of the following is not an instrumental value?

A) Helpfulness
B) Independence
C) Self-respect
D) Courage

Question 38

All of the following are considered terminal values except:

A) wisdom.
B) achievement.
C) self-control.
D) equality.

Question 39

Jim is a salesperson who focuses on nonverbal cues when working with a client. Jim will be more successful if he:

A) appears eager when the client appears eager.
B) appears subdued when the client is more eager.
C) appears to have higher self-esteem than his client.
D) presents only the positive consequences of purchasing his product.

Question 40

The type of organizational commitment that is based on an individual's desire to remain in an organization is called _____.

A) intentional commitment
B) normative commitment
C) affective commitment
D) attitudinal commitment

Question 41

Managers and employees typically hold the view that productivity at work will lead to job satisfaction.

Question 42

The acronym ABC in the ABC Model stands for attitude, behavioral intention, and commitment.

Question 43

Low-Mach persons value:

A) loyal and personal friendships.
B) the "get it done anyway" mentality.
C) manipulation of others.
D) emotional detachment.

Question 44

Affect is the cognitive component of an attitude.

Question 45

Which of the following work values is LEAST relevant to individuals?

A) Honesty
B) Fairness
C) Concern for others
D) Professionalism

Question 46

Substantial social learning occurs through cognitive dissonance.

Question 47

High-Mach persons are better at:

A) cheating.
B) accepting orders from others.
C) loyalty.
D) building strong interpersonal relationships.

Question 48

A personality characteristic indicating one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's own way is considered:

A) low in cognitive moral development.
B) Machiavellianism.
C) a high self-monitor.
D) altruism.

Question 49

Recent research found that four values exerted the most influence on job choice decisions. Which of the following is NOT one of those values?

A) Achievement
B) Concern for others
C) Fairness
D) Pay

Question 50

In Stage 6 of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development model, individuals:

A) obey rules to avoid punishment.
B) control others.
C) focus on the expectations of others.
D) follow self-selected ethical principles.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is the most accurate one?

A) Locus of control has little to do with ethical behavior.
B) Other people control persons who are strong on internal locus of control.
C) Persons with an internal locus of control make more ethical decisions than others.
D) Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to exhibit uncontrollable behavior.

Question 52

High-Machs:

A) believe that any means justify the desired ends.
B) are less willing to manipulate others.
C) exhibit very strong corporate loyalty.
D) are easily manipulated by others.

Question 53

Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior.

Question 54

The longer the time between measuring an attitude and observing behavior, the weaker the relationship of an attitude with observed behavior.

Question 55

Direct experience with something strongly influences attitudes toward it.

Question 56

The characteristics of individuals affect job satisfaction.

Question 57

According to research on Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, individuals at higher development stages are:

A) more likely to cheat.
B) more likely to put expediency before ethics.
C) not able to distinguish right from wrong.
D) more likely to engage in whistle-blowing.

Question 58

It is generally agreed that attitudes are not learned but are developed early in childhood before the age of five.

Question 59

What type of work culture would you most likely find in Iran, a predominantly collectivist country?

A) Individualist culture
B) Work culture based on task accomplishment
C) Work culture based on contributions to relationships
D) Work culture that is highly structured

Question 60

Persons with an internal locus of control:

A) believe that fate affects their circumstances.
B) accept others controlling them.
C) take personal responsibility for their situation.
D) can easily succumb to social and peer pressure.

Question 61

Match the following:
a. The emotional component of an attitude
b. Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs
c. A conflict between attitudes and behavior
d. Acquisition of attitudes through observing others
e. An object or person that is a powerful influence on attitudes
Direct experience

Question 62

Courts have generally agreed that the use of software such as "LittleBrother" is a violation of an employee's
privacy.

Question 63

Persuasion is more successful when messages are framed with the same emotion as that felt by the receiver.

Question 64

A message is more likely to be accepted if it comes from a credible source.

Question 65

Kohlberg's cognitive moral development model has been criticized because it does not take into account gender differences.

Question 66

Match the following:
a. The emotional component of an attitude
b. Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs
c. A conflict between attitudes and behavior
d. Acquisition of attitudes through observing others
e. An object or person that is a powerful influence on attitudes
Cognitive dissonance

Question 67

Normative commitment is often based on an individual's sense of obligation to an organization.

Question 68

Well paid individuals have been found to be trivially more satisfied with their jobs than relatively poorly paid individuals.

Question 69

The type of dissatisfaction that most often causes employee absenteeism is dissatisfaction with the work itself.

Question 70

The tension produced by a conflict between attitudes and behavior is cognitive dissonance.

Question 71

Job satisfaction has been shown to NOT be affected or influenced by culture.

Question 72

Honesty and helpfulness are instrumental values that may facilitate the terminal value of social respect.

Question 73

Match the following:
a. The emotional component of an attitude
b. Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs
c. A conflict between attitudes and behavior
d. Acquisition of attitudes through observing others
e. An object or person that is a powerful influence on attitudes
Modeling

Question 74

What aspects of one's existence and environment shape attitudes?

Question 75

Match the following:
a. The emotional component of an attitude
b. Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs
c. A conflict between attitudes and behavior
d. Acquisition of attitudes through observing others
e. An object or person that is a powerful influence on attitudes
Affect

Question 76

Behavior that is considered above and beyond the call of duty on behalf of the organization is known as organizational citizenship behavior.

Question 77

Briefly explain the ABC model and provide an example of each model element.

Question 78

What elements need to be present in order for one's influence attempt to be successful?

Question 79

Briefly discuss the relationship between job satisfaction and performance. Are satisfied workers more productive or are productive workers more satisfied?

Question 80

Match the following:
a. The emotional component of an attitude
b. Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs
c. A conflict between attitudes and behavior
d. Acquisition of attitudes through observing others
e. An object or person that is a powerful influence on attitudes
Cognition