Deck 8: Race and Ethnic Group Stratefication: Beyond We and They

Question 1

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to:

A) Pluralism
B) Cultural relativism
C) Transnationalism
D) Assimilation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. Todd's situation is best described as __________, because he fully participates in and has loyalty to two nations and cultures.

A) assimilation
B) subjugation
C) transnationalism
D) pluralism

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a:

A) Prejudice
B) Stereotype
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Frustration

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to William Julius Wilson, the urban poor who exist outside of the functioning economic system are the:

A) True minority
B) Trapped poor
C) Underclass
D) Urban lower class

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government in defining ethnicity in the United States?

A) The government passes laws that define how much ancestry an individual must have to be a member of a minority group.
B) The government creates ethnic groups by naming them and providing the group with funding.
C) The government's role is only to provide service to ethnic minorities.
D) The government allows individuals to write in their own ethnic identification on the census.

Question 6

According to the text, the first attempt to scientifically define race was made by:

A) Carl von Linneaus
B) Charles Darwin
C) The United Kingdom
D) The Bible

Question 7

Jim Crow laws in mid-1900s America are examples of __________ discrimination.

A) purposeful
B) unintentional
C) de facto
D) side-effect

Question 8

As Eric waited for class to start, he considered starting a conversation with one of his classmates. However, Eric decided they all looked like "frat boys" and he figured they would have nothing in common, so he sat silently and waited for class to start. Eric's behavior can be best described as:

A) Stereotyping
B) Negative contact
C) Racism
D) Institutionalized discrimination

Question 9

A(n) __________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

A) race
B) ethnic group
C) minority group
D) out-group

Question 10

Before the civil rights laws were passed in the United States in the 1960s, a number of states had __________ laws that spelled out differential treatment for racial groups.

A) Dred Scott
B) one-drop
C) Apartheid
D) Jim Crow

Question 11

The often forced removal of a minority group from a region or country is:

A) Subjugation
B) Segregation
C) Population transfer
D) Domestic colonialism

Question 12

When the Serbian army massacred Bosnian civilians while conducting "ethnic cleansing," they were participating in this type of group relation, where the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group:

A) Genocide
B) Subjugation
C) Population transfer
D) Assimilation

Question 13

__________ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.

A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Prejudice
C) Stereotyping
D) Scapegoating

Question 14

According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have attained in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is:

A) The aspirations of group members to get an education
B) The motivations of group members to get a job
C) The language skills of the group
D) Whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants

Question 15

Joseph lives in a country where he is not allowed to go to school with white students since he, himself, is not white. He can only eat in certain restaurants, and he has a government mandated curfew based on his race. He cannot buy a house in certain parts of town and must sit on the left side of the bus. Joseph lives in a town that is:

A) Segregated
B) In rebellion
C) Uncivilized
D) Stratified according to class

Question 16

The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in:

A) 1909 by Charles Darwin
B) 1816 by Joseph Arthur
C) 1939 by Adolf Hitler
D) 1735 by Carl von Linne

Question 17

Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white Americans even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that excluded minority individuals from home ownership. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

A) side-effect
B) purposeful
C) past-in-present
D) de jure

Question 18

Lisa strongly believes that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to other groups of humans. Lisa is a(n) __________ racist.

A) symbolic
B) ideological
C) institutional
D) traditional

Question 19

John, who does not claim to be racist, strongly supports a policy that would prohibit mixed-race couples from adopting children. John is:

A) Not racist
B) An ideological racist
C) A traditional racist
D) A symbolic racist

Question 20

When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding whom to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie because Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as:

A) Scapegoating
B) Individual discrimination
C) Negative contact
D) Institutional discrimination

Question 21

A _________ is a requirement that employers must hire a certain percentage of minorities.

A) Preference policy
B) Strict affirmative action policy
C) Quota system
D) Privilege policy

Question 22

_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture, including language and sometimes a separate set of institutions.

A) Pluralism
B) Assimilation
C) Transnationalism
D) Genocide

Question 23

Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez used ____________ to bring about institutional and societal change.

A) Direct aggression
B) Assimilation
C) Nonviolent resistance
D) Pluralism

Question 24

Carolyn, the CEO of a major investment firm, is being sued by a former employee who claims that the company does nothing to prevent racism and discrimination at the small-group level. As Carolyn's sociological advisor, which of the following programs would decrease levels of racism and discrimination at the small-group level?

A) Fire all minority employees to avoid future lawsuits.
B) Hire more minority employees and create opportunities for them to mingle with nonminority employees.
C) Start a human rights movement.
D) Enroll all employees in tolerance education programs.

Question 25

The idea that "sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality" is the central idea of:

A) Preference policies
B) Privilege policies
C) Cultural relativism
D) Strict affirmative action policies

Question 26

The term minority group is used to denote that a group is the statistical minority in a society or culture.

Question 27

There is no clear biological or genetic difference between different racial groups.

Question 28

Which of the following solutions address racism at the group level?

A) Human rights movements
B) Education reforms
C) Positive contact
D) Counseling and individual tolerance-education programs

Question 29

Comedians like Dave Chapelle, who use their art to make satirical commentary about race relations in the United States, use which of the following strategies of minority groups to deal with discrimination and prejudice?

A) Indirect aggression
B) Direct aggression
C) Indirect assimilation
D) Direct assimilation

Question 30

Jordan feels that his dark, long hair causes many of his classmates to label him as a minority group member. In an effort to blend in with his peers, Jordan dyes his hair blond and cuts it very close to his scalp. Jordan exhibited which of the following reactions to being discriminated against because of his perceived minority group?

A) Assimilation
B) Acceptance
C) Avoidance
D) Aggression

Question 31

Today slavery only exists in poor countries.

Question 32

Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structural-functional theorists?

A) Hostilities between groups create social change.
B) The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs largely unattractive to the majority of society.
C) Minority groups provide a target for frustrations.
D) Ethnic conflicts establish the dominant group.

Question 33

African American men in the United States have equal earning levels to white men with similar occupations.

Question 34

The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations?

A) Structural-functional
B) Frustration-aggression
C) Symbolic interaction
D) Split labor market

Question 35

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the societal level?

A) Global political pressures
B) Education reform
C) Positive contact
D) Therapy

Question 36

Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the child care provider for her family and has little desire to change the structure of her family. Ting exhibits which of the following reactions to belonging to a discriminated minority group?

A) Assimilation
B) Acceptance
C) Avoidance
D) Aggression

Question 37

The term dominant groups refers to a numerical majority.

Question 38

Which of the following is a necessity to have pluralism in a society?

A) A numerically large minority group
B) A social class stratification system
C) Legal protection of distinct group(s)
D) One clear minority group and one clear dominant group

Question 39

The definition of blackness in the United States has always been that an individual is black if at least one or more of the person's parents is black.

Question 40

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy to dealing with prejudice and discrimination?

A) Avoidance
B) Aggression
C) Assimilation
D) Acceptance

Question 41

According to frustration-aggression theory, people rarely displace their frustration by attacking irresponsible parties.

Question 42

According to frustration-aggression theory, many of the perpetrators of racist acts feel angry because they cannot achieve their work or other goals.

Question 43

Split labor market theory is a branch of the structural-functionalist perspective.

Question 44

There are examples of groups living in harmony in a society with unequal access to power.

Question 45

A common aspect of symbolic racism is the claim to be colorblind.

Question 46

Someone with dual citizenship is unlikely to experience transnationalism.

Question 47

Side-effect discrimination is a form of unintentional discrimination.

Question 48

According to most sociologists, race is a social construct that can change with conditions in a country.

Question 49

Racial groups are defined by the same characteristics as ethnic groups.

Question 50

Institutional discrimination cannot exist in the normal or routine ways an organization operates.

Question 51

According to conflict theory, creating a "lesser" group protects the dominant group's advantages.

Question 52

Purposeful discrimination is sometimes called de jure discrimination.

Question 53

From the conflict perspective, maintaining a cheap pool of laborers serves several purposes for society.

Question 54

Hispanics are currently the largest minority group in the United States.

Question 55

Ideological racism is one's insistence that one is not prejudiced or racist.

Question 56

The forced movement of Native Americans to reservations in the United States is an example of pluralism.

Question 57

A prejudice is an action that one individual directs toward another individual.

Question 58

Prior to the United Nations' attempt to define race in the 1970s, there had been no scientific inquiry into the construction of race.

Question 59

Assimilation is more likely to occur when the minority group is culturally similar to the dominant group.

Question 60

According to the text, symbolic racism allows institutional racism to remain in place.

Question 61

The global human rights movement is a macro-level policy directed at improving dominant and minority group relations worldwide.

Question 62

Cultural beliefs, including prejudice and discrimination, are passed on from generation to generation through cultural transmission.

Question 63

Out of all the nations in the Western hemisphere, the United States spends the lowest percentage of its GDP on health care.

Question 64

Stephen Colbert, a popular late-night news reporter and comedian, claims to "not see race," yet argues against many affirmative action policies, racial equality, and for big business. What type of racism does he utilize?

Question 65

Define subjugation. Then, list and define the various forms of subjugation present in society.

Question 66

Compare and contrast side-effect and past-in-present discrimination. Provide an example of each.

Question 67

List and discuss the five factors that characterize minority groups and their relations with dominant groups in society. Provide examples.

Question 68

List and briefly discuss the two costs of racism presented in the text.

Question 69

List and briefly discuss the five reactions minority group members commonly have to their status in society.

Question 70

Keala, a Native Hawaiian, was admitted to a prestigious university even though his SAT scores, GPA, and letters of recommendation were not strong enough to warrant his admission. Keala was admitted based on a preference policy with a bias in favor of Native Hawaiians.

Question 71

What are the three policies associated with affirmative action and how do they differ?

Question 72

List and briefly discuss the three types of racism discussed in the text. Provide an example of each.

Question 73

In strict affirmative action policies, after making an effort to seek a diverse applicant pool, employers are expected to hire the most qualified candidate who applies for the position.

Question 74

Compare and contrast assimilation and pluralism. Provide an example of each.

Question 75

Unstructured group contact has been found to break down stereotypes and fears.

Question 76

Displaced aggression involves hostilities directed toward individuals or groups other than the dominant group.

Question 77

Describe and define debt bondage. Provide examples.

Question 78

Compare and contrast the basic definitions of prejudice and discrimination. Provide an example of each.

Question 79

The courts have largely upheld quota systems when challenged.

Question 80

According to the text, the higher the people's education levels, the more likely they are to avoid those who are different.