Deck 6: Deviance and Social Control: Sickos, Weirdos, and Folks Like Us

Question 1

The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are:

A) Deviant norms
B) Crimes
C) Recidivism
D) Stigmas

Answer 1

B

Question 2

To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive and negative sanctions the women weighed when deciding to kill. Which theory is Robin most likely using?

A) Labeling
B) Differential association
C) Rational choice
D) Feminist

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The violation of social norms is called:

A) Deviance
B) Stigma
C) Recidivism
D) Crime

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?

A) Individuals are not labeled "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance.
B) Individuals do not begin to take on a deviant identity until they commit primary deviance.
C) Primary deviance is the violation of a norm, but secondary deviance is a violation of a law.
D) Secondary deviance is always a less serious form of deviance.

Question 5

Smoking marijuana is a:

A) Conflict crime
B) Consensus crime
C) Predatory crime
D) Hate crime

Question 6

Liz works at the dean's office. She works harder than her supervisor (who is paid more and enjoys coffee breaks when Liz and her coworkers share stories about how little they are paid and how they deserve more). One day, Liz steals 15 ink cartridges to use in her home printer. Liz has committed a(n):

A) Predatory crime
B) Occupational crime
C) Hate crime
D) Organized crime

Question 7

The statement "Deviance serves vital social functions" most closely reflects:

A) Conflict theory
B) Symbolic interaction theory
C) Structural-functional theory
D) Feminist theory

Question 8

A belief that becomes a reality constitutes:

A) Labeling
B) Anomie
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Strain

Question 9

Which of the following is incorrect about deviance?

A) People with certain characteristics are more likely to be defined as deviant.
B) Deviance is socially constructed.
C) Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law.
D) Deviance is not related to "human nature."

Question 10

In the study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, Chambliss found that:

A) Social status determines how individuals are treated.
B) The boys engaged in deviant behaviors that made sense for their social positions.
C) Labeling someone a "deviant" can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) All of the above

Question 11

Kina is a 17-year-old woman. To discourage her from becoming deviant, her parents encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that "nice girls finish first." Kina's parents are also sociologists. Kina's parents most likely subscribe to which theory of deviance?

A) Strain theory
B) Social control theory
C) Conflict theory
D) International condolence theory

Question 12

Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refused. Instead, she took a 2-year course and became a librarian. Robert Merton would classify Susan's actions as:

A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Retreatism

Question 13

The statement "Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant" most closely reflects:

A) Differential association theory
B) Rational choice theory
C) Labeling theory
D) Strain theory

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime?

A) Prostitution
B) Chemical offenses
C) Murder
D) Political disenfranchisement

Question 15

Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of:

A) Formal external controls
B) Informal external controls
C) Formal internal controls
D) Informal internal controls

Question 16

The self-fulfilling prophecy is associated with:

A) Strain theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Social control theory

Question 17

Yesterday, for the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana. According to labeling theory, Carson committed:

A) Primary deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Controversial deviance
D) Negative sanctioned deviance

Question 18

Anomie and strain are associated with the:

A) Conflict perspective
B) Structural-functionalist perspective
C) Symbolic interactionist perspective
D) Feminist perspective

Question 19

According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform?

A) Disapproving head shake
B) Laws
C) An internal voice that explains right from wrong
D) All of the above

Question 20

Consider the statement "People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit?

A) Labeling
B) Differential association
C) Rational choice
D) Feminist

Question 21

Which of the following do the authors of the text argue is the best way to measure crime?

A) Uniform Crime Reports
B) Self-reported surveys
C) Victimization surveys
D) Triangulation of multiple data sources

Question 22

Racketeering is:

A) The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection"
B) The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups
C) Returning to prison after already serving a prior term
D) An act that marks an offender as deviant

Question 23

Organized crime is more prevalent among:

A) Whites
B) Elites
C) Marginalized ethnic groups
D) Young people

Question 24

Recidivism is:

A) The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection"
B) The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups
C) Returning to prison after already serving a prior term
D) An act that marks an offender as deviant

Question 25

White-collar crime is:

A) Less visible than violent crimes
B) More costly than violent crimes
C) More deadly than violent crimes
D) All of the above

Question 26

Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when:

A) Employees have strong loyalty toward the company.
B) The company is large.
C) Employees are adequately compensated.
D) Employees are mentally stimulated by their jobs.

Question 27

Members of groups and societies socially construct concepts.

Question 28

Most sociologists believe that deviants purposely and knowingly break the law.

Question 29

Companies that fail to install adequate safety equipment because they feel pressured not to cut into their profits commit a crime against their employees. This behavior can best be explained by what theory?

A) Differential association
B) Symbolic interactionism
C) Labeling
D) Strain

Question 30

Casey could not believe that her friends were going on to college after high school. She found it much more important to try to overthrow the current government, and she planned to chain herself to the capital building and stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. Merton would argue that Casey was coping with strain through:

A) Innovation
B) Ritualism
C) Rebellion
D) Retreatism

Question 31

Hacking and cybertheft from China and other nations are especially concerning because:

A) They are considered to be victimless crimes.
B) The federal government does not have an effective way to safeguard customers' information.
C) There are no effective ways to punish the offenders.
D) The U.S. laws regarding cybertheft are unclear.

Question 32

According to the Uniform Crime Reports, in the United States, hate crimes account for _____% of total criminal offenses.

A) 41.5
B) 31.5
C) 21.5
D) 11.5

Question 33

Deviance is always problematic for society.

Question 34

An act that attempts to break down a prison inmate's sense of self in order to resocialize him or her is known as:

A) Mortification
B) Degradation
C) Resocialization
D) Recidivism

Question 35

Which of the following sources of information are based on police reports?

A) Uniform Crime Reports
B) Victimization surveys
C) Self-reported surveys
D) All of the above

Question 36

Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically?

A) Structural-functionalist
B) Strain
C) Conflict
D) Labeling

Question 37

Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as:

A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Retreatism
D) Rebellion

Question 38

John is a supervisor of 30 employees at a small restaurant. He makes his employees work overtime without pay, and he steals their tips. John is guilty of:

A) Occupational fraud
B) Blue-collar crime
C) Wage theft
D) Cybertheft

Question 39

According to the authors of the text, which of the following is an effective alternative to prison?

A) Shock probation
B) Building social capital
C) Harsher sentencing
D) Instigating a buddy system

Question 40

Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using?

A) Symbolic interactionist
B) Structural-functionalist
C) Strain
D) Feminist

Question 41

The elite in society often lack the means to achieve societal goals.

Question 42

Miriam wanted to be able to own a fancy car, so she attended college and became a physician. She could then afford to purchase her luxury automobile. Merton would argue that Miriam was using conformity to adapt to strain.

Question 43

Conflict theorists argue that the greater the inequality in society, the more conflict will exist.

Question 44

Labeling theory is related to the structural-functional perspective.

Question 45

Social control theory is a macro-level theory of deviance.

Question 46

Americans are most worried about predatory crimes.

Question 47

In the United States, the Uniform Crime Report lists eight serious "index" crimes used to track crime rates.

Question 48

The major idea of labeling theory is that if social controls weaken, people are more likely to become deviant.

Question 49

The frustration and anger that can result from being unable to meet common societal goals is known as strain.

Question 50

According to rational choice theory, increasing awareness of the costs of committing deviant acts should decrease deviance.

Question 51

In the United States, predatory crimes are considered conflict crimes.

Question 52

According to the text, some forms of white-collar crime are considered victimless.

Question 53

In the United States, fewer than 280 acts are listed as federal crimes.

Question 54

According to Merton, ritualism involves the use of illicit means to reach approved goals.

Question 55

Robert Merton invented the concept of anomie and Émile Durkheim made it famous.

Question 56

The process of labeling individuals and behaviors takes place at each level of analysis.

Question 57

Bloggers in Iran have been sentenced to death after their online writings displeased the government. This is an example of the anomie theory of deviance.

Question 58

According to differential association theory, if one spends a great deal of time with deviant friends, the individual may become deviant.

Question 59

Anomie affects primarily isolated, rural areas.

Question 60

External controls are always formalized.

Question 61

Rates of incarceration in the United States are decreasing.

Question 62

List and briefly discuss the two primary factors presented in the text that shape our tendency to conform. Provide an example of each.

Question 63

Most sociologists argue that the privatization of prisons is a bad idea.

Question 64

Based on the evidence in the text, the death penalty is an effective crime deterrent.

Question 65

The economic cost of white-collar crime is vastly greater than the economic cost of street crime.

Question 66

A grocery store that intentionally sells expired meat is committing a crime against the public.

Question 67

Murder is typically a conflict crime.

Question 68

Smuggling women from one area of the world to another in order to use them as sex slaves is best described as a global crime.

Question 69

The text refutes four misconceptions about deviance. Name two of the common misconceptions, and explain why those assumptions are incorrect.

Question 70

List and briefly discuss the four factors by which people are socially bonded to society.

Question 71

According to differential association theory, the possibility of becoming deviant depends on four factors. List and briefly discuss these four factors.

Question 72

Compare and contrast primary and secondary deviance. Provide examples.

Question 73

The Internet is easy to police because all legal authorities have clearly delineated jurisdiction over it.

Question 74

Wage theft is a type of organized crime that involves not paying workers the minimum wage.

Question 75

Hate crimes are generally planned well in advance and are extremely violent.

Question 76

Compare and contrast consensus and conflict crimes. Provide an example of each.

Question 77

Prisons are total institutions.

Question 78

Profits for international crime cartels are at least $750 billion per year.

Question 79

Most developed countries utilize the death penalty.

Question 80

Pilfering is considered an occupational crime.