Deck 9: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of "doing gender"?

A) going through puberty
B) choosing to wear a dress
C) getting a spray tan
D) taking medication for a headache

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How does the idea of "doing gender" differ from biological essentialism?

A) Doing gender focuses on how gender is a role that people perform, while biological essentialism sees gender as innate.
B) Biological essentialism is more intersectional than "doing gender."
C) Radical feminists prefer "doing gender" while liberal feminists prefer biological essentialism.
D) Biological essentialism sees gender as changing across time and space; "doing gender" stays the same.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying?

A) biological essentialism
B) intersectionality
C) liberal feminism
D) gender socialization

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Theorists who believe in the social construction of gender:

A) argue that only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological.
B) argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed.
C) argue that neither gender nor sex is socially constructed.
D) accept that there are some gender differences that are biological.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization?

A) headlocks
B) perpetuating malicious gossip
C) threatening gun violence
D) fist fighting

Question 6

Theories of natural difference are often grounded in:

A) animal behavior evidence.
B) anthropological evidence.
C) historical evidence.
D) social psychological evidence.

Question 7

According to your textbook, why are sociologists interested in understanding gender from an intersectional perspective?

A) Sociologists understand that gender does not shape everyone's experiences.
B) Intersectional research tends to receive more funding.
C) Women of color are more interesting research subjects.
D) Sociologists recognize that gender alone does not shape our experiences.

Question 8

Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways, but when they act in feminine ways, they are either admonished or ignored. This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender?

A) the biological approach
B) the gender socialization approach
C) the economic reductionist approach
D) the social position approach

Question 9

Hilda is a British sociologist who studies gender. She researches the day-to-day lives of female garment workers in Cambodia and concludes that the challenges facing working-class Cambodian women are very different from the challenges facing women in wealthy Western nations. Hilda's research underscores the importance of:

A) white supremacy.
B) intersectionality.
C) liberal feminism.
D) biological essentialism.

Question 10

How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society?

A) Men and women generally do different kinds of work.
B) Women are responsible for childrearing.
C) Work done by men requires more skill and education.
D) The activities of men and women are valued differently.

Question 11

Which of the following statements best explains the role of biology in describing the behavior patterns of men and women?

A) Nearly a century of research fails to identify the physiological and biological origins of the behavior patterns of men and women.
B) There is abundant evidence that supports the biological origins of behavior patterns in men and women.
C) The biological evidence shows that gender is the single most important factor in determining an individual's behavior patterns.
D) The biological evidence shows that social interaction has little to do with shaping the behavior patterns of men and women.

Question 12

________ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Sexuality
D) Genetics

Question 13

Which of the following statements concerning Afghanistan and the bacha posh, daughters transformed into sons, is true?

A) Families with only sons often experience shame and pity.
B) Most of the time, a bacha posh returns to womanhood when the child enters puberty.
C) Parents of bacha posh consider transforming their girls into boys to be cruel.
D) Girls are highly prized.

Question 14

According to the textbook, in Navajo culture, the nádleehí, male-bodied people with feminine natures:

A) are considered especially honorable.
B) are devalued.
C) cross-dress because they consider cross-dressing erotic.
D) were banned from Navajo society.

Question 15

How does patriarchy, or male dominance in society, take shape across the world?

A) Men are favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies.
B) Men are favored in most societies, and patriarchy is strong throughout.
C) Men are not favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies.
D) Men are not favored in most societies, and patriarchy is weak in most countries.

Question 16

________ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Sexuality
D) Genetics

Question 17

Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that:

A) gender roles are biologically determined.
B) gender roles are not biologically determined.
C) Western social scientists have a bias that distorts their understanding of gender roles.
D) gender roles are essentially the same everywhere, with only minor variations.

Question 18

In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of:

A) gender conformity.
B) matriarchy.
C) masculinity.
D) gender inequality.

Question 19

Which of the following statements best describes the daily lives of !Kung of the Kalahari Desert?

A) !Kung men engage in child care.
B) !Kung women are aggressive.
C) !Kung women hunt.
D) !Kung men provide the majority of the food.

Question 20

Kai, a boy born in Georgia, is likely to be treated a specific way because of his gender starting at what age?

A) from the moment he is born
B) when he begins kindergarten
C) at the onset of puberty
D) when he enters the labor force

Question 21

Straight couples tend to revert to traditional gender roles, with women as lower earners, bearing the brunt of stereotypical female chores. How do same-sex couples tend to compare?

A) They tend to reverse gender roles.
B) Couples assign chores based on personal preference.
C) Lesbian couples tend to equally split chores, while gay couples do not.
D) Gay couples are more likely to split chores based on income.

Question 22

Child-care work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." Child-care workers generally make less than construction workers. This situation exemplifies:

A) masculinity.
B) the glass escalator.
C) gender typing.
D) the glass ceiling.

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment?

A) sexual language, usually by managers or supervisors
B) lewd posters posted around the office
C) sexual advances that make a worker uncomfortable
D) a supervisor demanding sexual acts from a worker as a job condition

Question 24

Karen made an unwanted sexual advance on her date Sarah, persisting even though it was clear that Sarah was resistant. How would sociologists characterize this interaction?

A) matriarchy
B) gender typing
C) sexual harassment
D) gender profiling

Question 25

Of the following individuals, who most likely does the most housework?

A) Joan, an unmarried childless woman.
B) Tanya, a married woman with two children.
C) Marco, an unmarried childless man.
D) Tyrone, a married man with three children.

Question 26

What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Women?

A) to promote the traditional role of women in bearing children, raising them, and ensuring the domestic tranquility of the home
B) to ensure women's equal access to economic resources, including vocational training and markets
C) to ensure that no country interferes with the gender role definitions of another
D) to prevent the use of birth control and abortion in low-income countries

Question 27

Six of the ten richest self-made women in the world are:

A) American.
B) Chinese.
C) German.
D) Indian.

Question 28

Josiah is a wealthy seventeen-year-old black male. He says that he aspires to a romantic relationship in which he could share earnings and household responsibilities equally with his partner. What might sociologists say explains his point of view?

A) his race
B) his socioeconomic status
C) his gender
D) his age

Question 29

According to your textbook, between 1979 and 2014, the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time, year-round workers was:

A) 52 percent.
B) 62 percent.
C) 72 percent.
D) 83 percent.

Question 30

Juli is a sixteen-year-old female high school student. Which of the following scenarios most likely describes her experience in school?

A) Juli interacts more with her teachers than her male peers do.
B) Juli and her girlfriends are more often scolded and punished than boys.
C) During class, teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than from Juli.
D) Juli is more likely to call out answers in class than her male peers.

Question 31

How can the increase in female labor force participation over the past fifty years be explained?

A) There has been an increase in the demand for blue-collar work.
B) Many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force.
C) There has been no increase.
D) Men have reduced their labor force participation to engage in caregiving, so women have had to increase their participation to compensate.

Question 32

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of female members in its national legislature?

A) United States
B) Sweden
C) Iran
D) Canada

Question 33

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of the motherhood penalty?

A) Joyce is a psychologist who chose not to have children to focus on her career.
B) Bernette is a dentist and mother of two who gets paid less than her childless counterpart.
C) Haley is given a heavier load at her job as a banker because she's a mother.
D) Simone is a mother of three who is currently in med school and working full time.

Question 34

A political office is more likely to be considered "man's work" if the position:

A) involves spending more time in the spotlight.
B) is often held by a Democrat.
C) is based in politics further from home (state or federal).
D) is based in local town politics.

Question 35

Because of differential treatment in schools, Jasmine, a twelve-year-old girl, will likely be socialized to be:

A) quiet.
B) inquisitive.
C) outspoken.
D) an active problem solver.

Question 36

Janice Hernandez is running for political office. Based on what you know about gender and electoral politics, which office or party is she most likely to be running for?

A) Republican party
B) local office
C) U.S. Senate
D) U.S. House of Representatives

Question 37

The TV show Shark Tank found that companies founded by men received an average valuation of nearly $1.7 million, while those founded by women received an average valuation of just $781,000. How do sociologists explain this phenomenon?

A) Funders have negative perceptions of women business owners.
B) Women are less assertive than men.
C) Women have less valuable ideas than men.
D) Women-owned businesses tend to focus on niche markets.

Question 38

John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school. Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers, he is told he will get excellent recommendations. In this example, John is likely:

A) hitting the glass ceiling.
B) riding the glass escalator.
C) experiencing gender typing.
D) benefitting from sex segregation.

Question 39

According to your textbook, over the past fifty years, women's participation in the paid labor force has:

A) risen continuously.
B) dropped continuously.
C) remained the same.
D) gone up and down with no clear pattern.

Question 40

Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues found that:

A) mothers are less likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job.
B) mothers are less likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job.
C) mothers are more likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job.
D) mothers are more likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job.

Question 41

According to the textbook, which answer best explains why women are so often the target of sexual violence?

A) Women rarely fight back.
B) Women wear revealing clothing to provoke men.
C) The entertainment media produces and distributes highly sexualized content that causes men to become violent.
D) Many men believe that they are entitled to have sexual access if they already know the woman.

Question 42

Which strategy would liberal feminists encourage?

A) the abolition of marriage
B) a revolution against capitalist economies
C) abolish affirmative action policies
D) institute family-friendly policies in the workplace

Question 43

In a short paragraph, discuss the influence of nature and nurture in the formation of gender identity. How do arguments that biology primarily influences gender differ from sociological views of gender socialization?

Question 44

Labor advocates have noted that the workers who died in the Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh were primarily women. Which sociological lens might be useful for understanding this tragedy?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) Marxism
D) transnational feminism

Question 45

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of women is known as:

A) feminist theory.
B) liberal theory.
C) queer theory.
D) postmodern theory.

Question 46

Which of the following positions do all schools of feminist thought share?

A) Women have an unequal position in society.
B) Gender has little influence on social life.
C) Gender inequality can never be eradicated.
D) Gender inequality is a social construction.

Question 47

The Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing called on countries to:

A) give precedence to cultural traditions when cultural traditions conflict with women's rights.
B) adopt more gender-blind policies that do not draw attention to gender as a social issue.
C) give women the right to inherit wealth and property.
D) encourage democracy in all contexts.

Question 48

Why did Columbia University student Emma Sulkowicz carry her mattress around with her across campus?

A) She was calling attention to the crisis of rape on campus.
B) Her mattress revealed the unsanitary living conditions of female students.
C) She was demonstrating the power of white privilege.
D) Her strength showed the potential of female bodybuilding.

Question 49

What is a criticism of the functionalist approach to the family expressed by sociologist Talcott Parsons?

A) The approach condones the subordination of women.
B) Families have to be supportive to socialize children successfully.
C) The approach promulgates a Marxist view of the social world.
D) The allocation of tasks in society is natural and inevitable.

Question 50

What does the story of identical twins raised as different genders suggest about the role of social interaction and social context in explaining gender differences? Explain your answer in three to five sentences.

Question 51

Which of the following issues was addressed in the Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing?

A) women's right to control their own reproduction and sexuality
B) how women can reduce the stress of the male breadwinner role
C) the need for government-imposed quotas for women to be equally represented in politics as men
D) how to discourage women from stay-at-home mothering because it slows the advancement of women

Question 52

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons used the term ________ to refer to providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support.

A) expressive role
B) instrumental role
C) gendered role
D) sex-segregated role

Question 53

Don and Juanita, a married couple, split their housework equally. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, why would this behavior be considered inefficient?

A) The family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor.
B) Don, like most men, dislikes housework.
C) A high-functioning family has servants to complete tasks such as housework.
D) Men should actually do more housework than women.

Question 54

Which of the following is an accurate statement about rape?

A) Most rapes are committed by strangers the victim does not know.
B) Most rapes are committed by men against women.
C) Most rapes are reported, documented, and handled by the justice system.
D) The total number of sexual assaults, attempted rapes, and rapes has increased steadily over the past two decades.

Question 55

Which feminist would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order?

A) Jacqui, a liberal feminist
B) Loren, a radical feminist
C) Pathi, a symbolic interactionist
D) Shawna, a Parsonian functionalist

Question 56

Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 57

George is the breadwinner for his family. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, George is filling which role?

A) expressive role
B) instrumental role
C) gendered role
D) sex-segregated role

Question 58

Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects. This makes him insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex. Which concept best explains this situation?

A) rape culture
B) rape awareness
C) gender inequality
D) sex segregation

Question 59

Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages women face?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) Marxism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 60

Which perspective argues that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 61

How do gender, marital status, and parental status interact in time spent doing housework? Answer in two to five sentences.

Question 62

In two to three sentences, please explain why women are so often the target of sexual violence.

Question 63

Using the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert, the bacha posh in Afghanistan, and the nádleehí in Navajo culture as support, discuss in a short paragraph how gender can be seen as a social construction.

Question 64

In two to four sentences, explain what criticisms black feminists make about the feminist movement.

Question 65

Answer the following questions in a short paragraph. In what ways are boys and girls treated differently at school? What are some consequences of this differential treatment?

Question 66

Compare and contrast liberal feminism with radical feminism. Which perspective do you believe best explains gender inequality today? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

Question 67

In one to two sentences, describe female labor-force participation patterns over the past fifty years. In two to three more sentences describe how this pattern can be explained.

Question 68

In a short paragraph discuss Talcott Parsons's view of the family. Do you agree with his analysis? Why or why not? Please explain.