Deck 5: Growing and Learning in the Preschool Years

Question 1

Between the ages of 3 and 5 years, approximately how much do children grow per year?

A) 3 kilograms and 5-8 centimetres
B) 5 kilograms and 2-4 centimetres
C) 4 kilograms and 1-3 centimetres
D) 7.5 kilograms and 8-10 centimetres

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When Andy bumps into a table, he says to it, "You bumped into me because you're mean." What is Andy exhibiting?

A) the cardinality principle
B) animism
C) irreversibility
D) egocentrism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Based on the descriptions of eating habits, which of the following children is most likely a preschooler?

A) Laura, who amazes her parents with her ability to clean her plate at every meal
B) Tina, who is more experimental than ever and loves to try new foods
C) Jeremy, who is very picky and is eating less than he was six months ago
D) Ben, who eats well at main meals and only chooses fruit for snacks

Answer 3

C

Question 4

At approximately what age do children master many significant fine motor skills, such as drawing clear, recognizable objects and the ability to tie their shoes?

A) 3 years
B) 4 years
C) 4.5 years
D) 6 years

Question 5

Little Brittany has just woken up in a panicked state in the early part of the night. She is breathing rapidly and perspiring heavily. She doesn't respond to her parents when they come into her room; instead, she falls back asleep and doesn't remember what happened during the night. What did Brittany experience?

A) sleepwalking
B) night terror
C) dream
D) nightmare

Question 6

Preoperational thinker Lance has edged his way close to the top rim of the Grand Canyon. His mother then asks him, "What do you think someone at the bottom of the canyon looking up at you would see?" Given the impact of egocentric thought, what would Lance most likely say?

A) "The sky."
B) "The same thing I see."
C) "A bunch of little people looking down at them."
D) "I have no idea."

Question 7

What is handedness influenced by?

A) environment
B) heredity
C) heredity and experience
D) heredity and psychological adjustment

Question 8

Michael, who is a preoperational thinker, watches as a movie character appears to turn from a nice teenager into a werewolf. What is Michael's most likely reaction?

A) laughter, since he realizes that it is all fake
B) nothing, since he would likely not notice the change
C) terror, since he likely believes that the individual has actually become a werewolf
D) confidence, since he now realizes that despite the apparent physical change, it is still the same nice individual

Question 9

What is the most effective method of eliminating bedtime struggles?

A) Relax and realize that it is only a stage.
B) Engage the child in physical exercise each day.
C) Establish a consistent bedtime routine.
D) Be sure children have a stuffed animal or blanket with them at bedtime.

Question 10

During a power outage, Blair does not want to finish eating her vanilla ice cream because when the lights went out, "the ice cream turned black." What stage of development is Blair most likely in?

A) concrete operational
B) formal operational
C) sensorimotor
D) preoperational

Question 11

At approximately what age do most children give up their afternoon nap and adjust their night sleeping time to compensate?

A) 1.5 years
B) 2 years
C) 4 years
D) 6 years

Question 12

What term did Piaget use to describe the difficulty children often have in taking another person's perspective?

A) animism
B) scaffolding
C) a tertiary circular reaction
D) egocentrism

Question 13

When asked to describe why storm clouds travel so slowly in the sky, Jacqueline gives several interesting answers. Which provides the best example of animism?

A) "Since they have no legs, they have to crawl."
B) "If they were going the other way, they would go faster."
C) "Because the wind does not blow as high way up in the sky."
D) "The dark parts of the cloud are heavier and slow it down."

Question 14

Little Julio wants to have a peanut butter and jam sandwich. He can easily open the jars of peanut butter and jam by himself now. Approximately how old is Julio?

A) 2 years
B) 3 years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 15

Given the descriptions of fine motor activities, which of the following children is approximately 2-3 years old?

A) Terry, who can't hold his spoon to feed himself
B) Kim, who can draw a recognizable picture of her family
C) Eric, who can button his shirt but can't tie his shoes
D) Alana, who can zip up her coat but can't button her shirt

Question 16

Donny's mother has just poured glasses of orange juice for Donny and his sister Maddie. After they are poured, Donny becomes very upset that he got less juice than his sister. Their mother points out that while Donny's glass is short it is also wider and thus both children have the same amount. Donny continues to protest, arguing that his juice is shorter thus he has less juice. According to Piaget, what would explain Donny's behaviour?

A) animism
B) centration
C) intonation
D) a primary circular reaction

Question 17

Which of the following strategies is recommended for parents dealing with preschool eating difficulties?

A) Relax and realize that it is only a stage.
B) Make the child stay at the table until the entire plate is cleared.
C) Encourage the child to try different foods all at once.
D) Allow the child to eat whatever and whenever he/she chooses.

Question 18

Which child is receiving the adequate amount of sleep?

A) Petra, who is 2 years old and sleeps 10 hours.
B) Frankie, who is 3 years old and sleeps 13 hours.
C) Jocelyn, who is 4 years old and sleeps 8 hours.
D) Pedro, who is 6 years old and sleeps 12 hours.

Question 19

According to various studies, what approximate percentage of children have sleep issues?

A) 10-25%
B) 15-30%
C) 20-35%
D) 25-40%

Question 20

According to Piaget, when does preoperational thinking occur?

A) It always follows sensorimotor thinking.
B) It is not experienced by children prior to the age of 10.
C) It always comes before sensorimotor thinking.
D) It is always followed by a period of egocentrism.

Question 21

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?

A) 1
B) 11
C) 21
D) 31

Question 22

What term is used to describe the structure which forms the foundation for a person being able to perform particular tasks?

A) mental hardware
B) recall memory
C) mental software
D) semantic memory

Question 23

Which principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence?

A) the one-to-one principle
B) the stable-order principle
C) the habituation principle
D) the cardinality principle

Question 24

What do we call a memory for some significant life event?

A) an autobiographical memory
B) a general knowledge memory
C) an intonation memory
D) a semantic memory

Question 25

Which child does Piaget's theory have the most difficulty explaining?

A) Ivy, who has mastered conservation and three-mountain tasks
B) Rose, who fails both conservation and three-mountain tasks
C) Daisy, who has mastered the conservation task, but fails the three-mountain task
D) Flora, who not only has mastered conservation and three-mountain tasks but can explain the intricacies of these tasks to others

Question 26

What are the neural structures we are born with sometimes called?

A) mental software
B) cognitive schemes
C) neural pathways
D) mental hardware

Question 27

Which principle of counting states that the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted?

A) the stable-order principle
B) the cardinality principle
C) the one-to-one principle
D) the habituation principle

Question 28

Which principle of counting states that there must be a single number name for each item counted?

A) the one-to-one principle
B) the stable-order principle
C) the habituation principle
D) the cardinality principle

Question 29

Amanda's 4-year-old daughter, Lin, was the only witness to a robbery. As Amanda's friend and "psychology expert," what advice would you give her to help ensure that Lin provides the most accurate testimony to police?

A) Tell Amanda to avoid discussing the issue for at least one month.
B) Have Amanda tell Lin that the investigators may sometimes ask "tricky" questions so it is okay if she doesn't have all the answers.
C) Have Amanda listen to Lin's version and offer Lin assistance as to how to make the story clearer.
D) Encourage Amanda to make sure the investigators stick to "yes/no" items.

Question 30

Which of the following is a Piagetian-based implication for teaching to promote cognitive growth?

A) Teachers should not provide answers, but should rather let students find answers on their own.
B) The best teaching experiences are those slightly behind a child's current level of thinking.
C) In order to promote learning, teachers should provide materials with which students can make their own discoveries.
D) Letting students err does not benefit a child, as cognitive development tends to occur when a child should not become aware of errors in their own thinking.

Question 31

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

A) Both saw children as making the journey alone.
B) Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone.
C) Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.
D) Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Question 32

Stan is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Stan says, "1, 2, 3, 4, 5. There are three!" Assuming he has five toes on his foot, which principle of counting has Stan apparently failed to master?

A) the one-to-one principle
B) the stable-order principle
C) the organization principle
D) the cardinality principle

Question 33

Liam can count to 20 with ease, and he has almost mastered the 30s, but he has difficulty when he reaches 39, because he doesn't know the next decade's name. At what approximate age is Liam?

A) 3 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 5 years old
D) 6 years old

Question 34

Research illustrates that which ethnicity of children remembers their younger years more vividly?

A) North American children
B) Chinese children
C) Japanese children
D) Australian children

Question 35

Which of the following is one of the strategies suggested to aid children who are easily distracted by extraneous stimuli?

A) playing background music in the classroom
B) simplifying lesson plans
C) opening the classroom door
D) reminding children to focus attention on relevant information

Question 36

Which of the following is a component that enhances the development of autobiographical memory in preschool children?

A) reading stories to them
B) acquiring a sense of self in a child
C) praising children for using conversational skills
D) emphasizing elaborate conversational skills

Question 37

Which parenting strategy has been shown to improve autobiographical memory in preschoolers?

A) rewarding children for any response concerning a memory (even if the recall was incorrect)
B) encouraging children to talk about past events in detail
C) asking children about events using questions that can be answered "yes" or "no"
D) asking children to repeat themselves frequently

Question 38

The following 3-year-olds are asked to count the number of fingers they have on their left hand. Assuming that they each have five fingers, who best illustrates the one-to-one principle?

A) Bobby, who says, "1, 4, 2!"
B) Hannah, who says, "5, 3, 1, blastoff!"
C) Ben, who says, "One hand has five fingers"
D) Colby, who says, "1, 2, C, D, F."

Question 39

Which type of memory is Kara relying on when she tells her mother all about the picnic she went on with her class?

A) generic memory
B) autobiographical memory
C) recognition memory
D) episodic memory

Question 40

While counting four objects, Yoshiko says "1, 2, 4, 8" one time, and "2, 1, 4, 8" the next time. Which principle of counting has Yoshiko failed to master?

A) the stable-order principle
B) the cardinality principle
C) the one-to-one principle
D) the habituation principle

Question 41

When a word is used too broadly (i.e., beyond its traditional categorical boundaries), what is taking place?

A) scaffolding
B) simplification
C) equilibration
D) overextension

Question 42

Which of the following attention and perceptual skills plays a primary role in a child's learning of words?

A) colour
B) shape
C) texture
D) size

Question 43

Why are children motivated to learn language?

A) because it helps them to achieve positive reinforcement in school
B) because it helps them to understand what others are saying to them
C) because it helps them to achieve their goals
D) because it helps them to reason their way out of difficult situations

Question 44

Which of the following children is most likely using private speech during a piano lesson?

A) William, who is practising a very easy song
B) Sebastian, who is not making any mistakes
C) Johnny, who is playing a new, difficult song for the first time
D) Giuseppe, who is already a concert pianist

Question 45

From where does teaching assistance come during scaffolding?

A) it is from peers
B) it is nonverbal
C) it is done in informal settings
D) it is based on the level of the learner's needs

Question 46

Tori understands many words in a phrase and this helps her to determine the true meaning of what is being communicated, even when a new word is introduced to her. What is the term used to describe this concept?

A) sentence cues
B) scaffolding
C) telegraphic speech
D) overextension

Question 47

Andrew is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Stephanie, who is having difficulty, and to Greg, who is doing very well. To do this, what must Andrew do?

A) Be sure to praise both students for their effort, not for their successes.
B) Discourage private speech in both students.
C) Give Stephanie more assistance and give Greg less assistance.
D) Promote cooperation rather than competition between the two students.

Question 48

In terms of number of words known, how do bilingual children rate?

A) their first language vocabulary is more extensive than that of their second language
B) their total vocabulary is greater than that of monolingual children
C) their total vocabulary is less than that of monolingual children
D) their second language vocabulary is less extensive than that of their first language

Question 49

Ed knows what a horse is but has never seen nor heard of a camel. When Ed sees his first camel, he says "horsey." Which concept best explains Ed's reaction?

A) overextension
B) babbling
C) underextension
D) infant-directed speech

Question 50

While attempting to correctly answer these questions, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about the level of difficulty of this question. What would Vygotsky call these internal mental remarks?

A) private speech
B) scaffolding
C) an orienting response
D) overextension

Question 51

While visiting her grandma, Winona becomes somewhat restless. In an attempt to comfort Winona, her grandmother says, "Why don't you play with the doll in my bedroom?" Winona goes to get the doll, but returns crying and says, "That's not doll. Doll has red hair and sleeps in my room." Which concept best explains Winona's behaviour?

A) the cardinality principle
B) the primary circular reaction effect
C) telegraphic speech
D) the underextension principle

Question 52

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing math problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. What concept is illustrated by the difference between what Francesca can do alone and what she can do with assistance?

A) orienting response
B) animism
C) one-to-one principle
D) zone of proximal development

Question 53

Who is most associated with the principle of the zone of proximal development?

A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Jean Piaget
C) Carolyn Rovee-Collier
D) Noam Chomsky

Question 54

Dr. Grainger is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Diane when Diane works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. Grainger must measure Diane's personal performance on the maze and something else. What else must Dr. Grainger measure?

A) Diane's performance on several other Piagetian tasks
B) Diane's maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper
C) Diane's peers' performance on the same maze
D) how well Diane performed on the same maze earlier in her life

Question 55

When 2-year-old Paolo is visiting his grandpa's farm, he sees his first chicken. His grandpa points to the funny red growth on the chicken's head and says, "It is called a comb." What is Paolo's most likely reaction the next time he sees a chicken?

A) He will refer to all barnyard birds as "chickens."
B) He will refer to the bird as a "comb."
C) He will refer to the bird as a "chicken."
D) He will refer to the crest on the bird's head as a "comb."

Question 56

Which is the best example of underextension?

A) referring to a train as a "choochoo"
B) referring to all vehicles having four wheels as "trucks"
C) using a single-word utterance ("car") rather than telegraphic speech ("let's ride in the car")
D) using the word shark to refer to all types of fish

Question 57

According to Vygotsky, what kind of speech is another term for thought?

A) private speech
B) inner speech
C) telegraphic speech
D) tertiary speech

Question 58

Sarah's older sister Lori is helping Sarah to understand how to complete a Sudoku puzzle. Sarah learns how to play Sudoku from Lori, because it is Lori's favourite game. This method of cognitive growth for Sarah is known as which of the following terms?

A) scaffolding
B) intersubjectivity
C) one-to-one principle
D) guided participation

Question 59

Jake and his dad are playing the board game, Snakes and Ladders. Both Jake and his dad understand that the object of the game is to reach the top of the game board first. This example defines which concept of cognitive development?

A) intersubjectivity
B) guided participation
C) cardinality principle
D) scaffolding

Question 60

Ben's mom, Sofia, makes up a nonsensical word and has Ben repeat it immediately after to her so that he can learn different speech sounds. What is the name for this ability to briefly remember a speech sound?

A) overextension
B) phonological memory
C) phonological repetition
D) speech therapy

Question 61

When parents model their speech according to the grammar learning stage their children are experiencing, on what level are they being influential?

A) on a socioemotional level
B) on a psychological level
C) on a sociocultural level
D) on a biological level

Question 62

Rather than saying "the kitten fell in the bath tub," young Morris says, "Kitty wet," which leaves Morris's mother to wonder about the nature of the liquid on or coming out of the cat. Which linguistic limitation does this example illustrate?

A) overextension
B) fast mapping
C) telegraphic speech
D) referential style

Question 63

Which of the following is one of the key elements of effective oral communication?

A) talking as much as possible so the listener does not feel pressure to talk
B) the speaker dominating the conversation
C) making remarks clear to the listener
D) inferring what is meant by the speaker

Question 64

Consider the notion that the brain is pre-wired for learning grammar. Which answer about learning does this notion support?

A) the behaviourist answer
B) the linguistic answer
C) the cognitive answer
D) the social interaction answer

Question 65

According to the text, what is the single most important factor in a child's growth of his/her vocabulary?

A) his/her age
B) his/her listening skills
C) his/her language environment
D) his/her language mentor/teacher(s)

Question 66

What do children use to help them move from single words to two-word sentences?

A) a unique set of cognitive categories based on individual experiences
B) a unique set of formulas based on individual experiences
C) a unique set of telegraphic speech patterns based on individual experiences
D) a unique set of schemes based on individual experiences

Question 67

Which of the following is the best example of overregularization?

A) saying "horse" instead of "hose"
B) saying "houses" instead of "homes"
C) saying "flunked" instead of "failed"
D) saying "runned" instead of "ran"

Question 68

By the age of 3 years, children are capable of sentences containing approximately how many words?

A) 5 or more
B) no more than 10
C) 10 or more
D) 20 or more

Question 69

Cosmo is a normally developing 4-year-old. Which of the following has Cosmo most likely just begun to do?

A) use phonemes
B) use words as symbols
C) expand his vocabulary through fast mapping
D) use grammatical morphemes effectively

Question 70

What do we call the process of applying rules to a word that is actually an exception to the rule?

A) fast mapping
B) telegraphic speech
C) overregularization
D) cardinality

Question 71

Which person's advice is most consistent with the three key elements of effective oral communication?

A) Fred, who says, "People should talk as much as possible, so the other person feels no pressure to talk."
B) Blake, who says, "Be sure to tell the speaker if her remarks don't make sense."
C) Wendy, who says, "Your primary concern is making sure what you are saying makes sense to yourself."
D) Bethany, who says, "A good time to be thinking about what you are going to say next is when the other person is talking."

Question 72

What is a grammatical morpheme?

A) a word or word ending that makes a sentence grammatically correct
B) a word or word ending that makes a sentence grammatically overextended
C) a word or word ending that makes a sentence grammatically underextended
D) a word or word ending that makes a sentence grammatically overregularized

Question 73

How do preschoolers who watch the television show Sesame Street differ in kindergarten from children who have not watched the show?

A) They tend to be less social.
B) They tend to be more violent.
C) They tend to have larger vocabularies.
D) They tend to have less inner speech.

Question 74

Which of the following is one of the communication skills achieved in the first five years of life?

A) adjustment of communications to accommodate speaker
B) use of fewer grammatical morphemes
C) vocabulary remains the same
D) elimination of errors of overregulation

Question 75

Which of the following is most necessary for proper linguistic turn-taking behaviour?

A) attempting to alternate as speaker and listener
B) only speaking when spoken to
C) speaking based on the more you know, the longer it is proper to speak
D) trying to nod approvingly when another person is taking a turn speaking

Question 76

Which of the following is a grammatical morpheme?

A) "fish"
B) "-ing"
C) "fishing"
D) "fisherman"