Deck 2: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors

Question 1

When parents see an unusually large number of minor problems in their children as problematic, and then resort to authoritarian strategies to deal with the problems, it is called the:

A) authoritarian approach.
B) authoritative style.
C) enmeshed style.
D) permissive practice approach.
E) neglecting approach.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Poor quality preschool daycare places children at risk for:

A) poor language skills.
B) inadequate social skills.
C) poor cognitive development.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is not a feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A) Easily distracted
B) Fidgety
C) Impulsiveness
D) Poor self-regulation
E) Poor language development

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The diagnostic term which represents a cluster of behaviors in children characterized by repetitive and persistent misbehavior is called:

A) conduct disorder.
B) ADHD.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) psychopathy.
E) aggression.

Question 5

Rudy rarely cries when his mother leaves the room and shows no reaction when his mother picks him up. Rudy is displaying signs of _____ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) ambivalent
D) enmeshed
E) unemotional

Question 6

According to Goldstein et al. (2001), aggressive tendencies at age____ predict later aggressive behavior.

A) three
B) twelve
C) eighteen months
D) eighteen
E) seven

Question 7

The developmental perspective on crime and antisocial behavior views the life course of all humans as following a:

A) series of distinct age-related stages of development.
B) developmental pathway littered with risk factors.
C) vertical line dependent upon physiological milestones.
D) sequence of stages that enhance empathy.
E) hierarchy of moral development.

Question 8

According to Virginia Douglas (2004), the core problem in ADHD children involves:

A) executive function skills.
B) not knowing.
C) self-regulation.
D) overprescribed stimulant drugs.
E) a and c.

Question 9

When examining the relationship between single-parent homes and delinquency, it is important to consider:

A) socioeconomic status.
B) the past criminal behavior of the primary caregiver.
C) family size.
D) the number of employed adults in the home.
E) process rather than structure.

Question 10

Research on sibling influence on delinquency indicates:

A) the risk of delinquency is lower when the delinquent sibling is closer in age
B) older siblings reinforce antisocial behavior regardless of the relationship between the siblings.
C) older siblings reinforce antisocial behavior only when the siblings have a close relationship.
D) the delinquent sibling reinforces antisocial behavior when siblings are of the same gender.
E) a and c.

Question 11

Parental _____ refers to parents' awareness of their child's peer associations, free time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside the home.

A) participation
B) mindfulness
C) neurosis
D) monitoring
E) obsession

Question 12

The ability to control one's own behavior, especially in children, is called _____ by professionals.

A) self-modeling
B) self-regulation
C) impulse modulation
D) impulse restriction
E) sustainable functioning

Question 13

Poverty is an example of a(n) ____ risk factor

A) social
B) familial
C) economic
D) psychological
E) self-fulfilling

Question 14

Snyder and Patterson's (1987) enmeshed parenting style is similar to Baumrind's:

A) laissez -faire style.
B) lax style.
C) authoritarian style.
D) neglecting style.
E) authoritative style.

Question 15

Conduct disorder is characterized by the ____ and ____ pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others.

A) cruel; unusual
B) aggressive; repetitive
C) persistent; aggressive
D) repetitive; persistent
E) antisocial; aggressive

Question 16

Several studies suggest that parental monitoring is especially important between the ages of:

A) nine to sixteen.
B) six weeks to five.
C) five to eighteen.
D) twelve to seventeen.
E) thirteen to sixteen.

Question 17

Which statement is not true about language impairment and antisocial behavior?

A) It teaches children to think outside the box and problem-solve in socially appropriate ways.
B) It increases frustration levels in children who have difficulty expressing themselves.
C) It can lead to peer rejection and poor academic performance.
D) It can be a strong predictor of adult later criminal behavior.
E) It is evident in the background of a high percentage of children diagnosed with conduct disorders.

Question 18

Those influences in a person's life that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in criminal behavior are called:

A) self-regulatory factors.
B) criminogenic needs.
C) criminogenic determinants.
D) impulsive drives.
E) risk factors.

Question 19

Research has shown that children who are both physically aggressive and _____ have a high probability of becoming serious delinquents.

A) living in poverty
B) emotionally aggressive
C) socially rejected by peers
D) struggling in school
E) living in a single parent home

Question 20

Strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals are called parental_____; whereas parental attitude toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship refers to parental _____.

A) styles; practices
B) intervention; customs
C) hopes; care
D) tactics; disciplinary beliefs
E) practices; styles

Question 21

One of the strongest predictors of later antisocial behavior is:

A) peer rejection.
B) lack of interests or hobbies.
C) dysfunctional family dynamics.
D) overexposure to nature and the outdoors.
E) excessive television viewing.

Question 22

_____ is a disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of angry outbursts, arguments, vindictiveness, resentment, and disobedience.

A) Oppositional defiant disorder
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D) Conduct disorder
E) Child psychopathy

Question 23

Research on IQ and delinquency has not supported the relationship between the two.

Question 24

IQ refers to a broad, all-encompassing ability.

Question 25

Parental alcoholism and depression elevates a child's risk of engaging in antisocial behavior.

Question 26

It is rare for an individual to possess both affective and cognitive empathy.

Question 27

ADHD is currently the leading psychological diagnosis for American children.

Question 28

The ability to understand another's emotions is called:

A) cognitive empathy.
B) learned helplessness
C) affective empathy.
D) personal efficacy.
E) emotional sympathy.

Question 29

Affective empathy usually develops in middle adulthood.

Question 30

ADHD frequently co-occurs with which diagnostic category?

A) Mental disorder
B) Conduct disorder
C) Status offenses
D) Psychopathy
E) Substance abuse

Question 31

Which one of the following statements is correct?

A) The exact nature of the relationship between poverty and violence is not well understood.
B) It is quite clear that poverty is the major cause of crime and delinquency.
C) Poverty does not appear to be a risk factor in the development of crime.
D) The current research suggests that there is no relationship between poverty and crime.
E) Poverty, in combination with low IQ score, puts one at significant risk for ADHD.

Question 32

Of the following, which is associated with a high probability of delinquent behavior in high school?

A) Parental divorce.
B) Lower socioeconomic class.
C) Rejection by peers in elementary school.
D) Below average intelligence.
E) Lack of involvement in team sports.

Question 33

A mother who feels helpless that her 12-year-old son is using marijuana and therefore allows the behavior to continue is exhibiting:

A) intermittent punishment.
B) an authoritative parenting style.
C) internal locust of control.
D) persuasive denial.
E) a lax style of parenting.

Question 34

Hodgins, Cree and Mark (2008) found that conduct disorder present prior to age 15 is:

A) effectively treated with medication.
B) strongly associated with violent behavior into middle age.
C) strongly associated with crime in females.
D) effectively treated with psychotherapy.
E) related to quality of the marital relationship in the home.

Question 35

The cause of ADHD is unknown.

Question 36

Children from lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be represented in crime statistics as opposed to those from higher socioeconomic status.

Question 37

All criminal behavior has its origins in childhood.

Question 38

Low parental monitoring is associated with:

A) higher levels of antisocial behavior.
B) higher levels of violence.
C) earlier initiation of drug abuse.
D) earlier initiation of alcohol abuse.
E) all of the above.

Question 39

Several studies have found a strong association between animal cruelty and violent behavior.

Question 40

According to attachment theory, infants who cling anxiously to their mother without much exploration when placed in new environments are displaying:

A) avoidance attachment.
B) normal attachment.
C) clinging reaction.
D) anxious/ambivalent attachment.
E) minimal exploration response.

Question 41

Discuss the relationship between poverty and violence.

Question 42

According to Coie (2004), what are the three important differences between rejected and non-rejected boys?

Question 43

Explain conduct disorder, ADHD and learning disability. What are the similarities and differences? Why are the three often used interchangeably in the school system?

Question 44

Discuss the three perspectives on the influence of peer groups on delinquent behavior.

Question 45

Describe at least five characteristics of a peer rejected child. Include reasons why this child may be rejected.

Question 46

How can day care centers and after school programs make a positive difference in the delinquency trajectory?

Question 47

Why must we be cautious when interpreting the relationship between delinquency and learning disabilities?

Question 48

Explain and provide examples of the four types of parenting styles. Explain the shortcomings of this model.

Question 49

How and why is language development relevant to the study of antisocial behavior?

Question 50

Differentiate between crime that begins in childhood and crime that begins in adulthood.