Deck 5: Human Aggression and Violence

Question 1

After getting into a physical altercation with a co-worker at his job site, George tailgates two cars on the drive home and throws a cell phone at his wife when he arrives home to find that dinner is not ready. The above scenario is an example of :

A) excitation transfer theory.
B) Medea complex.
C) road rage.
D) rumination.
E) weapons effect.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Most forms of "white collar" crime would fall into which of the following categories of aggressive behavior?

A) Instrumental
B) Hostile
C) Passive-aggressive
D) Functional
E) Ambivalent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One of the criticisms of "Stand-Your-Ground" laws is that they:

A) obligate the potential victim to flee.
B) promote racial discrimination.
C) encourage confrontation.
D) pertain to homeowners in high socioeconomic neighborhoods.
E) require an individual to be in grave danger before using force.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If you were a TV producer and wanted an argument to support your position of the value of violence on television, you would probably rely on which of the following theoretical positions?

A) Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic.
B) Social learning.
C) Frustration-aggression.
D) Behaviorism.
E) Modeling.

Question 5

During early stages of frustration or general arousal, cognitive processes appear to have little influence beyond the immediate appraisal that the situation is aversive. This description outlines a stage of what model of aggression and violence?

A) Cognitive expectancy theory
B) The neo-frustration-aggression model
C) The cognitive neoassociation model
D) The weapons effect model
E) The cognitive scripts model

Question 6

The tendency to perceive hostile intent in others even when it is totally lacking is called:

A) hostile preference.
B) Meckel's syndrome.
C) hostile attribution bias.
D) inductive bias.
E) grisi siknis.

Question 7

Which of the following offenses would not be considered violence under the textbook's definition?

A) Cyberstalking
B) Murder
C) Rape
D) Robbery
E) Hostage-taking

Question 8

Which of the following crimes is associated with instrumental aggression?

A) Larceny
B) Manslaughter
C) Rape
D) Vandalism
E) Vehicular homicide

Question 9

The social learning approach to the reduction of aggressive behavior would most likely emphasize:

A) appropriate modeling.
B) reinforcement for nonaggressive behavior in situations where aggressive behavior was previously demonstrated.
C) punishment of aggressive models.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 10

According to the social learning position, the manifestation of aggressive behavior depends on:

A) what happens to the model as a consequence of his or her behavior.
B) the reinforcement gained as a result of the behavior.
C) the attention and cognitive ability of the observer when watching the model.
D) all of the above.
E) a and b only.

Question 11

The type of aggression that includes anger expressions, temper tantrums, and vengeful hostility, and more generally "hot-blooded" aggressive acts is called:

A) proactive aggression.
B) mediated aggression.
C) aggressive mimicry.
D) reactive aggression.
E) expressive aggression.

Question 12

The tendency of a variety of people across the country to model or copy particular criminal activity portrayed by the entertainment media is called:

A) contagion effect.
B) copy-cat syndrome.
C) escalation.
D) circular imagining.
E) media modeling.

Question 13

The perspective of human nature that argues that humans are intimately tied to their animal ancestry in important and significant ways is known as the ________ perspective.

A) difference-in-degree
B) difference-in-kind
C) medical model
D) parataxis
E) difference in cognition

Question 14

Malicious gossip is an example of what type of human aggression?

A) Direct active verbal
B) Indirect active verbal
C) Direct passive verbal
D) Indirect passive verbal
E) Directive instrumental

Question 15

Konrad Lorenz believed that a principle purpose of aggression in animals is to:

A) keep the species population down to a survival level.
B) kill other species.
C) defend and protect "staked out" territory.
D) demonstrate which species is the most powerful and controlling.
E) reproduce.

Question 16

Freud believed the causes of aggression to be basically:

A) instinctive.
B) learned.
C) an interaction between biological and environmental factors.
D) biochemical.
E) all of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following behaviors represents an example of passive-aggressive behavior?

A) Slapping someone
B) Refusing to speak to someone
C) Shouting at someone
D) Shooting someone
E) Robbing someone

Question 18

Cognitive scripts are _____ behavioral patterns for certain situations that are _____ to change.

A) available; relatively easy
B) persistent; resistant
C) innate; impossible
D) aggressive; relatively easy
E) simple; impossible

Question 19

The psychodynamic approach to the treatment of aggressive behavior would most likely emphasize:

A) appropriate modeling.
B) reinforcement.
C) reduction of aggressive energy through supervised aggressive behavior.
D) avoidance of aggressive-provoking stimuli.
E) none of the above.

Question 20

In hostile aggression, the perpetrator's primary goal is to:

A) ridicule the victim.
B) kill the victim.
C) make the victim suffer.
D) obtain an item of value.
E) avenge a wrong.

Question 21

An approach in psychology that views human cognition and behavior in a broadly Darwinian context of adaptation to evolving physical and social environments is called:

A) Darwinian psychology.
B) adaptation psychology.
C) positive psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.
E) psychodynamic psychology.

Question 22

Which statement most accurately reflects research findings on gender differences in aggression?

A) Boys are generally more aggressive than girls.
B) Gender differences in aggression are primarily due to biology.
C) Gender differences are due to cultural and socialization processes that promote different kinds of aggression.
D) Girls are more aggressive than boys during the pre-school years only.
E) Boys are more overtly aggressive than girls during the pre-school years, then aggression rapidly decreases.

Question 23

Research studies have found that domestic violence is a common precipitating factor in road rage.

Question 24

The research community is sharply divided on the long-term effects of violent media on aggressive behavior.

Question 25

What accounts for gender differences in aggression? Cite relevant research findings.

Question 26

Extremely high levels of arousal seem to mitigate aggressive behavior in certain situations.

Question 27

Aggressive behavior is always criminal.

Question 28

Territoriality is a central concept in Konrad Lorenz's theory of aggression.

Question 29

All violent behavior is aggressive behavior.

Question 30

_____ refers to self-focused attention toward one's thoughts and feelings. In other words, the person keeps thinking about an incident long after it is over.

A) Expressive aggression
B) Rumination
C) Nodal behavior
D) Antinodal behavior
E) Subliminal foci

Question 31

Horn blowing is an example of road rage.

Question 32

Bullying is an example of reactive aggression.

Question 33

Which statement is not true of I³ theory?

A) It organizes aggression risk factors into three categories.
B) It emphasizes the concept of self-regulation.
C) It is an expansion of the hostile attribution model.
D) It provides a structure for understanding the process by which a factor promotes aggression.
E) It specifies different ways in which aggression risk factors produce violence.

Question 34

Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman are two high-profile victims of hostile aggression.

Question 35

The term defined as an incident in which an angry, impatient, or aroused motorist intentionally injures or kills, or tries to injure or kill, another motorist, passenger, or pedestrian, in response to a traffic dispute, altercation, or grievance is called:

A) aggressive driving.
B) hostile driving.
C) immature driving.
D) road rage.
E) vehicular homicide.

Question 36

The weapon used in road rage is:

A) a gun.
B) a knife.
C) one's fist.
D) obscene gestures.
E) the vehicle.

Question 37

According to Berkowitz, high levels of arousal _____ aggressive behavior in certain situations.

A) completely dissipate
B) cause
C) slightly reduce
D) dramatically reduce
E) facilitate

Question 38

Explain the difference between a) overt and covert acts of aggression; b) reactive and proactive aggression.

Question 39

What does the current research suggest about the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior?

Question 40

The tendency to attack space violators is referred to as:

A) territoriality.
B) hydraulic model of aggression.
C) passive violence.
D) animality.
E) instinctual violence.

Question 41

Discuss the various theoretical perspectives on aggression, including the research in support of or refuting these perspectives.

Question 42

Elaborate on the sentence: Aggression is a simple, direct method of solving immediate conflicts.

Question 43

Why is it pessimistic to view violence and aggression as a genetically programmed aspect of human nature?

Question 44

Explain the difference between road rage and aggressive driving.

Question 45

Compare and contrast the cognitive scripts model and the hostile attribution model.

Question 46

Choose three concepts in the Chapter. Define all three concepts and then apply each concept to what we know about the Trayvon Martin case.

Question 47

Discuss the difficulties in adequately defining aggression.