Question 1

Morphine and many other powerful opioids exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the:&#10;A)alpha-adrenergic receptor.&#10;B)beta-adrenergic receptor.&#10;C)beta-opioid receptor.&#10;D)alpha-opioid receptor.&#10;E)mu-opioid receptor.

Accepted Answer

Morphine and many other powerful opioids exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the mu opioid receptor. This interaction is crucial for their pain-relieving properties.

Question 2

The source of the naturally occurring opioid analgesics is:&#10;A)the foxglove plant.&#10;B)the opium poppy.&#10;C)St Johns wort.&#10;D)leaves from the gingko tree.&#10;E)none of the above;opioid analgesics cannot be derived from natural sources.

Accepted Answer

The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source of naturally occurring opioid analgesics, such as morphine and codeine.

Question 3

The onset of withdrawal symptoms (body aches,shivering,sweating,and so forth)after sudden discontinuation of opioid analgesics is an example of:&#10;A)drug tolerance.&#10;B)physical dependence.&#10;C)psychological dependence.&#10;D)anaphylaxis.&#10;E)drug intolerance.

Accepted Answer

The onset of withdrawal symptoms after sudden discontinuation of opioid analgesics is an example of physical dependence. This is because the body has become accustomed to the presence of the drug and has adapted its functioning accordingly. Sudden cessation of the drug leads to a disruption in this adaptation, resulting in withdrawal symptoms. Drug tolerance refers to the need for increasing doses of a drug to achieve the same effect, while psychological dependence refers to the emotional and mental reliance on a drug. Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, and drug intolerance refers to an adverse reaction to a drug, which may or may not be related to immune mechanisms.

Question 4

Certain patients can develop &#34;tolerance&#34; to opioid analgesics,which is indicated by:&#10;A)the onset of withdrawal symptoms if the drug is suddenly discontinued.&#10;B)the fact that the patient may still crave the drug several years after he/she has ceased taking it.&#10;C)the need to progressively increase the dose of the drug to achieve a therapeutic effect when the drug is used for prolonged periods.&#10;D)all of the above&#10;E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Tolerance to opioids is when a patient needs progressively higher doses of the drug to achieve the same level of pain relief. This can occur with prolonged use of the drug, but it does not necessarily mean that the patient is experiencing withdrawal symptoms or cravings for the drug.

Question 5

Opioid drugs exert their analgesics effects by binding to the same receptors as:&#10;A)catecholamines (epinephrine,norepinephrine).&#10;B)glucocorticoids (cortisol).&#10;C)anabolic steroids (testosterone).&#10;D)endogenous opioids (endorphins,enkephalins).&#10;E)insulinlike growth factor.

Accepted Answer

Opioid drugs bind to endogenous opioids, such as endorphins and enkephalins, to produce their analgesic effects.

Question 6

Opioid drugs exert their effects on afferent pain pathways by binding to neuronal receptors that in turn:&#10;A)decrease transmitter release from presynaptic terminals.&#10;B)decrease excitability (hyperpolarization)in postsynaptic neurons.&#10;C)decrease production of endogenous chemicals known as catecholamines.&#10;D)all of the above&#10;E)A and B

Accepted Answer

Opioid drugs bind to neuronal receptors and decrease excitability (hyperpolarization) in postsynaptic neurons, as well as decrease transmitter release from presynaptic terminals. However, they do not directly affect the production of endogenous chemicals known as catecholamines.

Question 7

Drugs such as butorphanol (Stadol),nalbuphine (Nubain),and pentazocine (Talwin)may stimulate certain opioid receptors while blocking or only partially activating others.These drugs:&#10;A)may produce adequate analgesia with less risk of side effects such as respiratory depression.&#10;B)may have fewer addictive qualities than strong opioids such as morphine.&#10;C)may produce more psychotropic effects (hallucinations,vivid dreams)than other opioids.&#10;D)are known as mixed agonist-antagonists.&#10;E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

These drugs are mixed agonist-antagonists, which can provide pain relief with potentially fewer side effects like respiratory depression and addiction, but may cause more psychotropic effects.

Question 8

In addition to their use as analgesics,opioid drugs can be administered:&#10;A)as a preoperative medication.&#10;B)as a general anesthetic.&#10;C)as a cough suppressant.&#10;D)to treat severe diarrhea.&#10;E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Opioid drugs can be used as a preoperative medication to provide pain relief before a surgery. They can also be used as a general anesthetic in high doses. Additionally, opioids can be used to suppress coughing and treat severe diarrhea. Therefore, all of the above options are valid uses for opioid drugs.

Question 9

Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with opioid drugs?&#10;A)sedation&#10;B)increased respiration&#10;C)constipation&#10;D)orthostatic hypotension&#10;E)mood changes (euphoria)

Accepted Answer

Opioid drugs typically cause a decrease in respiration, not an increase. This is why they can be dangerous in overdose situations.

Question 10

Opioid analgesics are also known as _______ because they tend to have sedative or sleep-inducing side effects and high doses can produce a state of unresponsiveness and stupor.&#10;A)narcotics&#10;B)narcoleptics&#10;C)neuroleptics&#10;D)naturopathics&#10;E)nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Accepted Answer

Opioid analgesics are commonly referred to as narcotics because of their sedative and sleep-inducing side effects, as well as the potential for producing a state of unresponsiveness and stupor at high doses. The other choices (B, C, D, E) do not accurately describe this class of drugs.

Question 11

By blocking all opioid receptors,opioid antagonists such as nalmefene (Revex)and naloxone (Narcan)are used therapeutically to:&#10;A)treat severe,acute postoperative pain.&#10;B)treat severe,chronic pain.&#10;C)treat opioid overdose.&#10;D)treat diarrhea.&#10;E)none of the above;opioid antagonists have no therapeutic value.

Accepted Answer

The answer of By blocking all opioid receptors,opioid antagonists such...

Question 12

Methadone is often used to treat opioid addiction because methadone:&#10;A)is a strong opioid antagonist.&#10;B)has much more severe withdrawal symptoms than other opioids.&#10;C)has opioidlike effects,but is not an opioid.&#10;D)does not cross the blood-brain barrier.&#10;E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Methadone is often used to treat opioid...

Question 13

When used to treat pain,opioids can be administered by all of the following routes EXCEPT:&#10;A)inhalation.&#10;B)intravenously.&#10;C)intrathecally.&#10;D)transdermally.&#10;E)orally.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When used to treat pain,opioids can be...

Question 14

Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (e.g. ,injected into an inflamed joint)because:&#10;A)opioids decrease the production of inflammatory substances in peripheral tissues.&#10;B)opioids increase vasodilation in peripheral tissues.&#10;C)opioids cause vasoconstriction in peripheral tissues.&#10;D)opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral)ends of primary afferent (sensory)neurons.&#10;E)none of the above;there is no evidence that opioids can produce analgesic effects outside to the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids...

Deck 14: Opioid Analgesics