Question 1

Biotransformation usually results in an altered version of the original compound known as&#10;A)bile.&#10;B)a metabolite.&#10;C)an antidrug.&#10;D)albumin.&#10;E)a steroid.

Accepted Answer

Biotransformation, also known as metabolism, involves chemical changes to a compound within an organism. These changes often result in the formation of new compounds, known as metabolites. Therefore, the answer is B, a metabolite.

Question 2

Drugs and their metabolites are excreted from the body primarily by:&#10;A)the liver.&#10;B)the kidneys.&#10;C)the lungs.&#10;D)skeletal muscle.&#10;E)adipose tissue.

Accepted Answer

Drugs and their metabolites are primarily excreted from the body through the kidneys via urine. The liver plays a role in metabolizing drugs but it does not directly excrete them from the body. Lungs, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue are not significant routes of excretion for drugs.

Question 3

Drug metabolism occurring when a drug is changed chemically following administration is also known as:&#10;A)biotransformation.&#10;B)excretion.&#10;C)retoxification.&#10;D)degradation.&#10;E)allosterification.

Accepted Answer

Biotransformation is the process by which drugs are chemically altered in the body, and it is often used interchangeably with the term drug metabolism. Excretion refers to the elimination of drugs from the body through urine, feces, or other means. Retoxification and degradation are not commonly used terms in pharmacology or drug metabolism. Allosterification refers to the process by which molecules bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering the enzyme's activity.

Question 4

To calculate drug elimination rates,blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma as it passes through the organ are measured to determine drug:&#10;A)excretion.&#10;B)biotransformation.&#10;C)clearance.&#10;D)deactivation.&#10;E)esterification.

Accepted Answer

The process of measuring blood flow and the fraction of drug removed from plasma is known as clearance, which is a measure of drug elimination rate. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 5

Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other substances (alcohol,nicotine)may enhance the liver's ability to metabolize certain drugs,thus decreasing their therapeutic effect.This process is known as:

A)glomerulonephritis.
B)biliary cirrhosis.
C)decreased hepatic blood flow.
D)enzyme induction.
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other substances (alcohol,nicotine)may enhance the liver's ability to metabolize certain drugs,thus decreasing their therapeutic effect.This process is known as:

A)glomerulonephritis.
B)biliary cirrhosis.
C)decreased hepatic blood flow.
D)enzyme induction.
E)none of the above

Question 6

The amount of time required for 50 percent of the remaining drug to be eliminated from the body is known as the:&#10;A)median effective dose.&#10;B)median toxic dose.&#10;C)median efficacy.&#10;D)median threshold dose.&#10;E)half-life.

Accepted Answer

The amount of time required for 50 percent of the remaining drug to be eliminated from the body is known as the half-life. This is the time it takes for the drug concentration to decrease by half.

Question 7

The process of breaking the original drug compound into separate parts is known as:&#10;A)oxidation.&#10;B)reduction.&#10;C)conjugation.&#10;D)hydrolysis.&#10;E)biodestruction.

Accepted Answer

The process of breaking the original drug compound into separate parts is commonly known as hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down the chemical bonds of a substance. This results in the original compound being broken down into its separate components or parts.

Question 8

The primary location for drug metabolism (biotransformation)is the:&#10;A)liver.&#10;B)kidneys.&#10;C)lungs.&#10;D)skeletal muscle.&#10;E)adipose tissue.

Accepted Answer

The liver is the primary location for drug metabolism (biotransformation) where enzymes called cytochrome P450 oxidases, conjugation enzymes, and transferases work to break down and modify drugs for elimination from the body.

Question 9

Drug oxidation occurs when ______ the original compound.&#10;A)oxygen is added to&#10;B)hydrogen is removed from&#10;C)an endogenous substance such as acetyl coenzyme is coupled with&#10;D)all of the above&#10;E)only A and B are true

Accepted Answer

Drug oxidation involves the removal of electrons or hydrogen atoms from the original compound, which is represented by choice B. Oxygen can be added to the new compound as a result of this process, which is represented by choice A. However, choice C is not accurate, as endogenous substances such as acetyl coenzyme cannot be coupled with drugs to cause oxidation. Therefore, the best choice is E, which acknowledges that both A and B are true statements.

Question 10

Variations in drug response may occur because of individual differences in patients':&#10;A)age.&#10;B)genetic background.&#10;C)gende.r&#10;D)diet.&#10;E)all the above

Accepted Answer

Variations in drug response can occur due to any or all of the factors listed in the options. Age can affect drug metabolism and clearance, genetic background can determine how an individual's body responds to a drug, gender can also impact drug metabolism and hormonal differences can cause different effects, and diet can affect drug absorption and metabolism. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to variations in drug response.

Deck 3: Pharmacokinetics Iidrug Elimination Biotransformation