Deck 6: C: Learning

Question 1

Because dogs do not need to learn to salivate to food,salivation to food is a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)conditioned reflex.
C)unconditioned response.
D)neutral response.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An experimenter finds that a male chimpanzee always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a female chimpanzee.The experimenter starts to present a buzzer just before presenting the picture of the female chimp.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the male chimp responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation,the unconditioned response (UR)is the

A)increased heartbeat.
B)female's picture.
C)sound of the buzzer.
D)experimenter.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

__________ is a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge brought about by experience.

A)Learning
B)Generalization
C)Spontaneous recovery
D)Accommodation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking when you hear your favourite song
C)your favourite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Question 5

In classical conditioning,the term <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>neutral </i>is used to indicate that a stimulus

A)will never be suitable to elicit a response.
B)is a primary reinforcer.
C)does not initially elicit a response.
D)cannot be detected by the subject.

Question 6

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,__________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

A)Alan
B)the opening of the tank
C)the fish food
D)the aquarium light

Question 7

Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to a puff of air are both examples of

A)unconditioned stimuli.
B)conditioned responses.
C)conditioned stimuli.
D)unconditioned responses.

Question 8

In the field of learning,Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of

A)observational learning.
B)latent learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 9

Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)digestive processes.
D)latent learning.

Question 10

Every week,Jade spends her allowance on sour lemon gummy candies,even though they always make her mouth water.One day,as she is walking down the street,Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth starts to salivate.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the

A)little white bag.
B)walk to the store.
C)salivation.
D)sour lemon gummy candy.

Question 11

The association between the___________ is,by definition,unlearned (i.e. ,doesn't require prior learning).

A)CS and CR
B)US and CR
C)CS and UR
D)US and UR

Question 12

In classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus is

A)the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
B)the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
C)the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
D)the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.

Question 13

When a neutral stimulus elicits the same response that was originally elicited by another stimulus,it is known as

A)cognitive learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)observational learning.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of learning?

A)Learning is the process that allows a species to slowly adapt over generations.
B)All learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge and information.
C)Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.
D)Humans are the only species known to be capable of true learning.

Question 15

Typically,studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

A)cognitive
B)observational
C)classical
D)associative

Question 16

__________ was the first scientist to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning.

A)John Watson
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Albert Bandura

Question 17

When Asha kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Asha always wore vanilla-scented perfume.Whenever Laura smelled vanilla,her heart raced.Asha's kiss,in this example,was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 18

Each time Amelia feeds her pet parrot Pete,she walks into the room and says,"Good morning,Pete!" She now notices that as soon as Pete hears her say "Good morning!" he starts fluttering around his cage in excitement.In this example,the food is the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?

A)blinking
B)pain
C)salivation
D)fear

Question 20

For Kyle,the smell of freshly baked cookies will always be connected to the memory of his grandmother.This is an example of which type of learning?

A)cognitive
B)observational
C)latent
D)associative

Question 21

________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together.

A)Generalization
B)Forgetting
C)Reverse conditioning
D)Extinction

Question 22

Tarik trained his pet turtle to snap his mouth in response to the command "snap!" by saying the word just before giving his turtle a treat.However,after saying "snap!" multiple times while showing off his turtle's new trick to all his friends and not giving him a treat,Tarik has noticed the turtle has stopped snapping.This change in behaviour is likely explained by

A)extinction.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)discrimination.
D)generalization.

Question 23

Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning,the _____ is the one the organism learns to respond to.

A)US
B)UR
C)CS
D)CR

Question 24

Each time Tamara's cat jumps on the kitchen counter,she sprays him with a water gun.Eventually,Tamara only has to grab the water gun and her cat will jump down from the counter.In this example,jumping off the counter is the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 25

You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)latent learning
B)spontaneous recovery
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 26

Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?

A)The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
B)The conditioned response is an instinctual behaviour.
C)The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
D)The conditioned response in classical conditioning is always salivation.

Question 27

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called

A)generalization.
B)reacquisition.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)discrimination.

Question 28

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called

A)generalization.
B)adaptation.
C)discrimination.
D)acquisition.

Question 29

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces the ________.

A)CS;US
B)CS;CR
C)US;CR
D)US;UR

Question 30

For several weeks,Matt had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he worked.The task always made him nauseated.He has since gone on to better things,but still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming slightly queasy.For Matt,the door to the men's room has become a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 31

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the CR was

A)salivation.
B)food.
C)sound.
D)biting.

Question 32

Extinction is believed to be a form of

A)learning.
B)forgetting.
C)operant conditioning.
D)generalization.

Question 33

Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice-cream truck's familiar song in the distance.One day,a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters.Ken's behaviour illustrates

A)generalization.
B)assimilation.
C)recovery.
D)discrimination.

Question 34

Little Albert's fear of white rabbits and a Santa Claus mask is an example of

A)discrimination.
B)extinction.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)generalization.

Question 35

Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window.A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap.Startled,Samantha jumps at the noise.This happens several times.As the storm moves farther away,Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.

A)thunder;lightning
B)jumping;lightning
C)lightning;thunder
D)thunder;jumping

Question 36

How would you know if your attempts at classical conditioning have been successful?

A)The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone,elicits the unconditioned response.
B)The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone,elicits the conditioned response.
C)The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone,elicits the conditioned response.
D)The presentation of the unconditioned response alone,elicits the conditioned response.

Question 37

Alyssa is participating in an experiment.The researcher plays a sound and then applies a puff of air to Alyssa's eye.Eventually,Alyssa blinks when she hears the sound,before the puff of air is delivered.After a number of trials of the researcher presenting just the sound,Alyssa stops blinking.However,when Alyssa visits the lab the following week,the researcher plays the sound and Alyssa blinks.Alyssa's blinking in response to the sound on her return visit,is an example of

A)extinction.
B)discrimination.
C)generalization.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 38

The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as

A)generalization.
B)acquisition.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)extinction.

Question 39

Which phenomenon supports the theory that extinction is not a form of forgetting?

A)conditioned emotional responding
B)spontaneous recovery
C)discrimination
D)generalization

Question 40

As a child,Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl.As he got older,the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten.Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese.The geese stared at him and he felt slightly fearful,though not as afraid as he had been as a child.Blaine's fear response to the geese in the park is an example of

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)extinction.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 41

According to the concept of preparedness,which stimulus would make the most effective CS in a fear conditioning experiment?

A)gun
B)spider
C)flower
D)airplane

Question 42

In which type of learning is an organism's behaviour influenced by the consequences of that behaviour?

A)classical conditioning
B)latent learning
C)operant conditioning
D)consequential learning

Question 43

Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?

A)instinctive drift
B)conditioned emotional response
C)emotional aversions
D)preparedness

Question 44

The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Little Albert provide a possible explanation for the development of

A)depression.
B)anxiety.
C)phobias.
D)psychopathy.

Question 45

People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to

A)associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock.
B)extinguish responding after the removal of the US.
C)associate tastes with illness.
D)blink to a tone which precedes a puff of air to the eye.

Question 46

People appear to have a biological predisposition to associate nausea with what type of stimuli?

A)lights
B)tastes
C)sights
D)sounds

Question 47

Temi has developed a fear of bridges due to a recent,graphic news story about people falling from a collapsed bridge.Which of the following is the CS in this example?

A)bridges
B)graphic news coverage
C)people falling
D)collapsed bridges

Question 48

Little Albert was initially not afraid of rats,but when a white rat and a loud noise were presented together,Albert learned to fear rats.In this famous example,the rat was the

A)CS.
B)US.
C)CR.
D)UR.

Question 49

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 50

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a pharmacist in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of

A)latent learning.
B)observational learning.
C)a conditioned emotional response.
D)discrimination.

Question 51

Which of the following concepts was established through the experiment with Little Albert?

A)For successful conditioning to occur,the presentation of the CS must precede the presentation of the US.
B)Shaping is a useful technique for training animals to complete complex tricks.
C)Humans are predisposed to fear some stimuli (e.g. ,snakes)more than other stimuli (e.g. ,guns),regardless of the level of threat they pose.
D)Phobias may be learned responses to previous experiences.

Question 52

Grayson eats the same bologna sandwich every day for lunch.One day,Grayson gets very ill just after eating the bologna sandwich.Surprisingly,following the recovery from the illness,Grayson is still happy eating bologna sandwiches and continues to have them every day for lunch.Grayson's continued enjoyment of bologna is likely due to

A)latent learning.
B)latent inhibition.
C)conditioned taste aversion.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 53

You classically condition your dog Nancy to salivate when middle C is played on the piano,but you find that she also salivates when a high G is played.You make a point of playing high G and not giving Nancy any food afterward,whereas you do give her food after you play middle C.After a few days,Nancy stops salivating when high G is played but continues to salivate to middle C.This phenomenon is known as

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)acquisition.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 54

Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are NOT like other forms of classical conditioning?

A)Conditioned taste aversions do not require a CS.
B)Conditioned taste aversions only last one or two days.
C)The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
D)The subject does not have to respond to develop a taste aversion.

Question 55

Last month,Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs,and he now finds the very thought of chili dogs to be repulsive.Walter has experienced

A)discrimination.
B)conditioned taste aversion.
C)generalization.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 56

During campaigning,a Conservative candidate airs ads that show her Liberal opponent making a "smug" facial expression.It is her hope that voters will see these ads and associate the negative feeling of being judged with her Liberal opponent (and thus,vote for the Conservative).In this example,the unconditioned response would be

A)the "smug" image of the Liberal candidate.
B)the viewer's negative emotional response to an unflattering photograph.
C)the viewer's decision not to vote for the Liberal candidate.
D)the Conservative candidate's decision to air the ad.

Question 57

Why are heroin users more likely to overdose when they inject heroin at a place other than their usual location?

A)Heroin users tend to inject a larger dose in new locations because they get excited.
B)Heroin users tend to employ 'safer' practices when using in their usual location.
C)Heroin users find drug use more thrilling and,thus,more rewarding in new locations.
D)Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response are missing in a new location.

Question 58

Larry has been using heroin for several years and knows the exact amount needed for his desired 'high.' Normally,Larry injects the heroin in his basement,but while on vacation he injects the drug in a hotel.Although Larry used the same amount of heroin that he always does,he overdoses and dies.What phenomenon is likely responsible for this outcome?

A)spontaneous recovery
B)stimulus discrimination
C)conditioned emotional response
D)conditioned drug tolerance

Question 59

Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical conditioning to the marketing of a product?

A)The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively,such as attractive people.
B)A commercial shows individuals modelling the correct use of the product.
C)Customers are rewarded with a free product for every five they purchase.
D)Advertisers include the name of the product multiple times throughout the ad.

Question 60

Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing?

A)stimulus discrimination
B)conditioned emotional response
C)conditioned taste aversion
D)stimulus generalization

Question 61

Leaving the market on Saturday morning because you don't like how overcrowded it is this weekend is an example of

A)negative punishment.
B)avoidance learning.
C)escape learning.
D)positive punishment.

Question 62

A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behaviour that ___________ the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.

A)before;decreases
B)before;increases
C)after;decreases
D)after;increases

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

A)Giving children candy for completing their homework.
B)Removing a child's chores when they complete their homework.
C)Ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class.
D)Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules.

Question 64

Checking the outside temperature and putting on a warm coat before leaving the house is an example of

A)negative punishment.
B)avoidance learning.
C)escape learning.
D)positive punishment.

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A)A student is sent to detention for fighting.
B)A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
C)A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
D)A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.

Question 66

The concept of contingency refers to the idea that

A)a response will increase if followed by a reward.
B)a consequence depends on an action.
C)punishment is more effective at shaping behaviour than reinforcement.
D)reinforcement is more effective at shaping behaviour than punishment.

Question 67

Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down.Nicky's behaviour is an example of

A)negative reinforcement.
B)negative punishment.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)positive punishment.

Question 68

In operant conditioning,reinforcement is

A)never presented (only punishment is involved).
B)always presented,regardless of the organism's behaviour.
C)presented as a consequence of the organism's behaviour.
D)presented in order to elicit an organism's behaviour.

Question 69

The term <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>operant</i> refers to the fact that,in operant conditioning,

A)the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.
B)reinforcers and punishers operate on the organism to change its behaviour.
C)the US operates on the CS to change its association with the CR.
D)the experimenter operates on the organism to change its behaviour.

Question 70

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of a response is called

A)punishment
B)latent learning
C)acquisition
D)reinforcement

Question 71

Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as

A)positive punishment.
B)negative punishment.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)vicarious punishment.

Question 72

Bill hates to clean up after dinner.One night,he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up.When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen,his wife has cleaned everything up for him.Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A)Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.
B)Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
C)Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
D)Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer.

Question 73

Thorndike was known for his work with

A)puzzle boxes.
B)observational learning.
C)salivation in dogs.
D)Skinner boxes.

Question 74

Negative reinforcement is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response.

A)removed;increases
B)removed;decreases
C)presented;increases
D)presented;decreases

Question 75

In classical conditioning,the responses involved tend to be __________________,but in operant conditioning,they are __________________.

A)punished;reinforced
B)reinforced;punished
C)reflexive;voluntary
D)voluntary;reflexive

Question 76

A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour,whereas a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

A)increases;increases
B)decreases;decreases
C)decreases;increases
D)increases;decreases

Question 77

Thorndike was a pioneer in the field of ___________research.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)shaping
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 78

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)latent learning.
D)observational learning.

Question 79

Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday.Each week,the same sequence of events unfolds: Her son screams,demanding that Kathy buy him treats.Although she refuses to give in to his demands,he continues to scream.Finally,Kathy yells at the top of her lungs,"QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly.What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

A)Kathy is using negative reinforcement to increase her son's screaming.
B)Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming;her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
C)Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home,and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
D)Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home,and now he is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Question 80

___________ is responsible for much of our understanding of the relationship between reinforcement and behaviour.

A)John Watson
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)B.F.Skinner
D)John Garcia