Question 1

Recently,Zane has been very tired during the day and feels like he hasn't been sleeping well.His wife mentions that he often makes a strange gasping noise several times during the night.Which sleep disorder does Zane most likely have?

A)sleep apnea
B)narcolepsy
C)night terrors
D)somnambulism

A

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described by Zane's wife, including excessive daytime tiredness and snoring with gasping noises during the night, suggest that he may have sleep apnea. This condition causes disruptions in breathing during sleep, which can lead to poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.

Question 2

Hypnosis is best thought of as:&#10;A)a trance.&#10;B)a state of increased suggestibility.&#10;C)mind control.&#10;D)a myth.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis is a state of increased suggestibility where the person is more receptive and responsive to suggestions, but they remain in control of their own thoughts and actions. It is not mind control or a myth, as it has been extensively studied and used in various therapeutic settings.

Question 3

Erica tells her friend that last night she dreamed she was asking her boss for a promotion.If Erica's friend believes in the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming,which of the following is she likely to say about the dream?

A)"The latent content of the dream is more important than the manifest content and it is inherently meaningful."
B)"The dream is the result of random activity in the brain and has no deep symbolic meaning."
C)"The dream indicates that your brain is trying to figure out how to get you promoted."
D)"The dream is your brain's way of forming new memories."

B

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the result of random activity in the brain during sleep, which is then interpreted and organized into a coherent story by the brain. According to this hypothesis, dreams do not have inherent meaning or symbolic significance. Therefore, Erica's friend is likely to say that the dream is a result of random brain activity and has no deep symbolic meaning.

Question 4

Which of the following definitions accurately describes the state of coma?&#10;A)a prolonged state of consciousness similar to non-REM sleep&#10;B)a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness&#10;C)a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness,even if on an inconsistent basis&#10;D)a state of minimal consciousness,where the patient's eyes may be open,and he or she experiences a sleep-wake cycle

Accepted Answer

Coma is defined as a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness, in which the patient is unable to respond to external stimuli. There is no evidence of sleep-wake cycles or awareness of environment in a comatose patient.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about the use of hypnosis to recover memories?&#10;A)It is generally ineffective,but poses no risks and is harmless.&#10;B)Research has shown hypnosis to be an effective way to recover memories.&#10;C)Research indicates that hypnosis does not work,and that it can potentially create false memories.&#10;D)While some debate persists regarding the technique's effectiveness,most U.S.courts accept testimony obtained from a person who is placed under hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnosis to recover memories is not effective and can potentially create false memories. There is also concern about the suggestibility of individuals under hypnosis and the potential for leading questions to influence their memories. Because of these concerns, many courts do not accept testimony obtained through hypnosis.

Question 6

Opiates create their euphoric effects by stimulating receptors for:&#10;A)GABA.&#10;B)endorphins.&#10;C)anandamide.&#10;D)dopamine.

Accepted Answer

Opiates work by stimulating the body's natural opioid receptors, which includes endorphins. Endorphins are natural pain-relieving neurotransmitters found in the brain that can produce feelings of pleasure and euphoria when activated by opiates. GABA and anandamide are not directly involved in the opioid response, while dopamine is involved more with reward and motivation, rather than pain relief or euphoria.

Question 7

Repeated use of drugs over a period of time can result in a need for a higher dose to achieve the intended effect.This condition is known as:&#10;A)addiction.&#10;B)dependence.&#10;C)withdrawal.&#10;D)tolerance.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is a condition in which repeated use of a drug results in a need for higher doses to achieve the intended effect. This is different from addiction, which is a psychological and physical dependence on a substance, and withdrawal, which is the onset of often unpleasant symptoms when drug use is stopped. Dependence is a broader term that refers to the body's reliance on a substance, whether that be for the intended effect or to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Question 8

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep because:&#10;A)the more sleep deprived a person is,the less REM sleep she experiences.&#10;B)REM sleep is not technically a sleep stage,and the body doesn't move.&#10;C)electrical activity in the brain completely shuts down during REM sleep,so the body doesn't move.&#10;D)EEG activity in the brain during REM is similar to awake state,but the body doesn't move.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because during this stage, the electrical activity in the brain is similar to that of the awake state, exhibiting beta waves. However, the muscles of the body are completely relaxed, and there is no movement. This paradoxical combination of brain activity and muscle relaxation is why REM sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep.

Question 9

Affecting approximately one in seven Canadians,_____ is the most widely recognized sleeping problem.&#10;A)sleep apnea&#10;B)insomnia&#10;C)night terrors&#10;D)somnambulism

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, affecting approximately one in seven Canadians. Sleep apnea, night terrors, and somnambulism are also sleep disorders, but are less prevalent than insomnia.

Question 10

Which of the following statements supports the &#34;preserve and protect&#34; hypothesis of sleep?&#10;A)People tend to require more sleep after a hard day of work.&#10;B)Sleep deprivation can lead to impaired cognitive abilities due to lack of active involvement with outside world.&#10;C)Jet lag is usually worse when travelling east than it is when travelling west.&#10;D)Many small animals sleep during the day,when they could be easily seen by a predator.

Accepted Answer

This statement supports the "preserve and protect" hypothesis of sleep because it suggests that animals sleep during the potentially dangerous daytime hours to avoid predators and preserve their energy until they need to be active at night.

Deck 5: D: Consciousness