Deck 3: C: Biological Psychology

Question 1

If two corresponding genes at a given location on a pair of chromosomes are the same,they are referred to as

A)genotyped.
B)homozygous.
C)phenotyped.
D)heterozygous.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Our genetic code usually determines whether we have typically male or female bodies.Occasionally however,individuals are born who are genetically male,but who physically appear female.These children are ______________ male,but __________________ female.

A)heterozygous;homozygous
B)homozygous;heterozygous
C)phenotypically;genotypically
D)genotypically;phenotypically

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The most basic units of heredity that regulate development and physiological processes are called

A)proteins.
B)genes.
C)phenotypes.
D)amino acids.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If dizygotic twins both share a trait 13% of the time while monozygotic twins share the trait 14% of the time,the heritability for this trait would be close to

A)0
B)0.13
C)0.14
D)0.135

Question 5

The sequence of letters TATAAGGCACCC most likely represents

A)the order of genes on a chromosome.
B)the order of chromosomes in a nucleus.
C)the order of nucleotides in a gene.
D)the types of DNA in a gene.

Question 6

Behavioural genetics is the study of

A)DNA and the ways specific genes relate to behaviour.
B)how different behaviours lead to permanent changes in the genetic code.
C)how genes and environment influence behaviour.
D)genetic mutations and inheritance.

Question 7

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA represents a code that cells can use to create

A)amino acids.
B)chromosomes.
C)proteins.
D)genes.

Question 8

Observable traits,such as physical and behavioural characteristics,make up an organism's

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)genetic profile.
D)heredity.

Question 9

Having a dimple on your chin is determined by a single gene pair.If you inherited one dimple gene and one non-dimple gene from your parents,you could be described as ____________ for this trait.

A)heterozygous
B)homozygous
C)phenotypical
D)genotypical

Question 10

________ are composed of segments of DNA and guide in the process of protein creation.

A)Phenotypes
B)Nucleotides
C)Genotypes
D)Genes

Question 11

For a simple trait with one dominant and one recessive gene,a person will display the recessive trait

A)if they are heterozygous or homozygous for the recessive trait.
B)only if they are homozygous for the recessive trait.
C)only if they are heterozygous for the recessive trait.
D)as long as they inherit one copy of the recessive trait.

Question 12

Which of these sibling pairs will share the greatest number of genes?

A)two brothers,born 18 months apart,who have the same two parents
B)a brother and sister who are fraternal twins
C)two brothers who developed from the same fertilized egg
D)two sisters who are fraternal twins

Question 13

Approximately how many genes do humans have?

A)23
B)46
C)20,000-25,000
D)100 Billion

Question 14

Dr.Kurz is studying twins where at least one twin suffers from depression.She finds that both twins are much more likely to share the disorder if they are monozygotic rather than dizygotic twins.What should Dr.Kurz conclude based on her findings?

A)Depression is entirely genetic.
B)The heritability of depression is high.
C)The heritability of depression is low.
D)Monozygotic twins are at a higher risk for depression than non-twins.

Question 15

What is the maximum value for heritability?

A)-1.0
B)+1.0
C)-.10
D)+.10

Question 16

Yani inherited the gene for blue eyes from his mother,but he actually has brown eyes.What is his eye colour phenotype?

A)brown
B)blue
C)recessive
D)dominant

Question 17

Which of these research methods would a behavioural geneticist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality?

A)examining heritability in twins and adopted individuals
B)interviewing people who have mental health issues
C)administering paper-and-pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people
D)examining the changes in the expression of the genetic code over the lifespan

Question 18

Kendra (female)and Robert (male)are the biological parents of a male child.Which of the following correctly describes how their son inherited his genes?

A)All 23 pairs of chromosomes were contributed by Robert.
B)All 23 pairs of chromosomes were contributed by Kendra.
C)23 single chromosomes came from Kendra and 23 single chromosomes came from Robert.
D)24 pairs of chromosomes came from Robert and 22 pairs of chromosomes came from Kendra.

Question 19

___________ are structures in the cellular nucleus that are lined with all of the genes an individual inherits.

A)Nucleotides
B)DNA
C)Amino acids
D)Chromosomes

Question 20

What is the maximum value for heritability?

A)-1.0
B)+1.0
C)+.01
D)-0.1

Question 21

Robert is out for a walk in the woods when he sees two male deer charging at each other,butting heads,and locking antlers.Robert knows that the winner of this fight will be more likely to mate with the nearby female deer.This fight is an example of

A)intersexual selection.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)adaptation.
D)intrasexual selection.

Question 22

Which part of the neuron is responsible for manufacturing proteins?

A)axon
B)cell body
C)dendrite
D)axon terminals

Question 23

To date,which of the following traits has been the most evidently adaptive for humans?

A)hiccups
B)the fight-or-flight response
C)schizophrenia
D)red hair

Question 24

Aaron is working at his job as an editor of a science magazine when a reporter places an article on his desk entitled "Gene for Optimism Found." To avoid confusing the readers about the actual scientific findings,how could Aaron change the title?

A)"Pessimists Could Be Missing a Crucial Gene"
B)"Scientists Find Gene's Purpose Is to Increase Optimism"
C)"Scientists Find the Single Gene for Optimism"
D)"Gene Found to be a Factor in Optimism"

Question 25

A researcher is studying factors that influence political beliefs (conservative or liberal).She finds that adopted children are more likely to share their political beliefs with their adoptive parents than their biological parents.Which of the following should she conclude?

A)Genes have no influence on political beliefs.
B)Adoptive parents are more likely to express their political beliefs to their children.
C)Political beliefs have high heritability.
D)Political beliefs have low heritability.

Question 26

Gi works in a laboratory that identifies which genes are present among individuals with particular traits.The goal of the lab is to understand how specific genes are related to behaviour.Gi likely works in which field?

A)eugenics
B)DNA phenotyping
C)behavioural genomics
D)psychobehavioural genetics

Question 27

Neurons are

A)specialized cells that help to clean and feed brain cells.
B)cells that send and receive information.
C)bundles of nerves.
D)chemical transmitters found throughout the nervous system.

Question 28

Peahens are more attracted to (and thus,more likely to mate with)male peacocks with brightly coloured plumage.This is an example of

A)intersexual selection.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)adaptation.
D)intrasexual selection.

Question 29

Organisms that express traits conducive to survival are more likely to mate and pass on those traits than organisms that do not possess the same favourable traits.This concept is known as

A)the nature-nurture debate.
B)evolution.
C)natural selection.
D)evolutionary psychology.

Question 30

Which of the following is true?

A)Most phenotypic traits are controlled by a single gene.
B)Diseases are often found to be caused by single,specific genes.
C)The same gene can often be a risk factor for several different disorders.
D)No trait is determined by a single gene.

Question 31

Which part of the neuron typically receives messages from other neurons?

A)myelin sheath
B)dendrites
C)axon
D)axon terminals

Question 32

Which of the following is a limitation associated with behavioural genomics?

A)Most traits are not controlled by single genes.
B)Most diseases are not caused or affected by genes.
C)The Human Genome Project did not lead to any new information about genes.
D)It places too much emphasis on environmental factors.

Question 33

The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called

A)axons.
B)axon terminals.
C)dendrites.
D)synapses.

Question 34

The ___________ is the central region of the neuron that contains genes responsible for synthesizing the proteins that allow the neuron to function.

A)myelin sheath
B)dendrite
C)axon
D)soma

Question 35

If a trait has high heritability,then adopted children are more likely to share the trait with

A)their biological parents.
B)their adoptive parents.
C)their adoptive siblings.
D)other children of the same age range.

Question 36

What does heritability of .37 indicate about a specific trait?

A)0.37% of individual differences in the trait can be attributed to environmental factors.
B)0.37% of individual differences in the trait can be attributed to genetic factors in the population.
C)37% of individual differences in the trait can be attributed to environmental factors within the population.
D)37% of individual differences in the trait can be attributed to genetic factors within the population.

Question 37

___________ are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body.

A)Glial cells
B)Neurons
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Dendrites

Question 38

Researchers have found that the male advantage in mental rotation tasks is related to

A)cultural factors.
B)estrogens.
C)testosterone levels.
D)educational factors.

Question 39

The multi-generational change in the frequency of genes within an interbreeding population is known as

A)heritability.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)evolution.
D)sexual selection.

Question 40

Which best describes the current understanding of sex differences in cognitive abilities?

A)There are no sex differences in cognitive abilities.
B)There is currently a debate about whether these differences are genetic or the result of cultural and environmental factors.
C)There is no evidence that these differences are biological.
D)There is no evidence that cultural and environmental factors can affect these differences.

Question 41

Mary put her hand on a hot stove.Which type of neuron is responsible for sending a pain message towards her spinal cord?

A)motor neuron
B)interneuron
C)sensory neuron
D)messenger neuron

Question 42

The voltage of a neuron's ______________ is typically around -70 millivolts.

A)postsynaptic potential
B)resting potential
C)refractory period
D)action potential

Question 43

When a neuron becomes sufficiently depolarized,it

A)becomes more negatively charged relative to outside of the cell.
B)initiates an action potential.
C)becomes less likely to initiate an action potential.
D)closes all of its ion channels.

Question 44

If neuronal communication were compared to radio,the _______________ would be the transmitter at the radio station and the _______________ would be the antenna on your car.

A)cell bodies;axons
B)dendrites;axons
C)axon terminals;axons
D)axons;dendrites

Question 45

"All-or-none" is the principle stating that

A)a neuron always fires at the same strength.
B)the potential inside a neuron must increase from 0mV to +100mV to initiate an action potential.
C)all dendrites on a neuron must be receiving depolarizing signals in order to initiate an action potential.
D)during the refractory period a neuron will not fire.

Question 46

____________ are cells that do not have a predetermined function and can develop into new neurons.

A)Glial cells
B)Interneurons
C)Stem cells
D)Neurotransmitters

Question 47

What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not transmitting or receiving messages?

A)action potential
B)resting potential
C)stable state
D)neutral state

Question 48

____________ is the formation of new neurons.

A)Neurogenesis
B)Neural plasticity
C)Long-term potentiation
D)Synaptogenesis

Question 49

What type of cell in the nervous system is responsible for mounting immune responses in the brain,removing wastes,and increasing the efficiency of neural communication?

A)white blood cells
B)motor neurons
C)glial cell
D)interneurons

Question 50

The ratio of glial cells to neurons in the brain,is approximately

A)1:10.
B)10:1.
C)100:1.
D)1000:1.

Question 51

The tiny space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the

A)receptor site.
B)synapse.
C)dendrite spine.
D)terminal button.

Question 52

The __________ speeds up the passage of electrical messages by acting as an insulator of the neuronal signal.

A)blood-brain barrier
B)terminal button
C)myelin
D)axon

Question 53

The structures at tips of the axon (i.e. ,furthest from the soma)are called

A)axon terminals.
B)dendrites.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)axon hillocks.

Question 54

Which part of a neuron transmits information to other neurons through an electrochemical signal?

A)soma
B)axon
C)dendrites
D)cell membrane

Question 55

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A)to serve as a support structure for neurons
B)to process neural activity
C)to speed up the neural impulse
D)to synthesize neurotransmitters

Question 56

Which structures are like locks that only certain neurotransmitters ("keys")can unlock?

A)synapses
B)receptors
C)axon terminals
D)clefts

Question 57

Kerry works as a messenger for a business.His job is to carry messages between different buildings.Kerry's role for the company is similar to the function of ______________ in neuronal communication.

A)neurotransmitters
B)axons
C)dendrites
D)somas

Question 58

During an action potential,the electrical charge inside the neuron is _________ compared to the electrical charge outside the neuron.

A)positive
B)balanced
C)negative
D)neutral

Question 59

Kalika is told by her physician that her symptoms are caused by a loss of myelin.Her diagnosis would most likely be

A)Parkinson's disease.
B)multiple sclerosis.
C)early stage Alzheimer's disease.
D)epilepsy.

Question 60

When Julia's parents go out for the night,she turns the volume on her music up as high as it will go.Although the stimulus (sound)is now much louder,Julia's neurons are still firing with the same intensity.This is known as the

A)action potential theory.
B)resting potential.
C)refractory period.
D)all-or-none principle.

Question 61

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is

A)glutamate.
B)GABA.
C)acetylcholine.
D)serotonin.

Question 62

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in voluntary movement,processing rewards,and mood?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)GABA

Question 63

Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep,mood,and appetite?

A)GABA
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)acetylcholine

Question 64

__________ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates voluntary muscle movement directly at the junction between nerves and muscles.

A)Acetylcholine
B)GABA
C)Dopamine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 65

Drugs that block neurotransmitter activity are called

A)agonists.
B)antagonists.
C)excitatory.
D)reuptake inhibitors.

Question 66

The pituitary gland is known as the _______ gland because it controls the other glands in the body.

A)master
B)alpha
C)dominant
D)dorsal

Question 67

Luisa is diagnosed with a medical disorder caused by too much dopamine activity in certain brain regions.To reduce her levels of dopamine,her doctor is likely to prescribe a dopamine

A)reuptake inhibitor.
B)synthesizing drug.
C)agonist.
D)antagonist.

Question 68

Elizabeth was driving on the highway when an oncoming car crossed the centre line and almost hit her.As a result of the stress,her heart rate increased and she felt "on edge." Which of the following neurotransmitters is likely responsible for Elizabeth's response?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)GABA
D)norepinephrine

Question 69

While running a marathon,Alain stumbled and fell.Despite feeling a sharp pain initially,he got up and continued to run until he completed the race.Upon crossing the finish line he fell down writhing in pain.When examined,it was discovered that Alain had broken his leg.He was able to run the remainder of the marathon relatively pain-free due to the release of

A)serotonin.
B)cortisol.
C)testosterone.
D)endorphins.

Question 70

_____________ has been scientifically linked to dominance and aggression in both human and animal studies.

A)Cortisol
B)Testosterone
C)Dopamine
D)Glutamate

Question 71

Which of the following is a likely effect of damage to the hypothalamus?

A)reduced use of left arm
B)deregulation of hormones
C)loss of muscle tone
D)reduced ability to reason

Question 72

The ________ regulates and maintains constant internal bodily states by stimulating the pituitary gland.

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)amygdala
D)hippocampus

Question 73

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system,that plays a role in memory and learning,is

A)glutamate.
B)GABA.
C)acetylcholine.
D)serotonin.

Question 74

Which endocrine gland controls all of the other glands in the body?

A)thyroid gland
B)adrenal gland
C)hypothalamus
D)pituitary gland

Question 75

Hormones are chemicals that are secreted directly into

A)the bloodstream.
B)the synapse.
C)the neuronal cell body.
D)the axon terminals.

Question 76

After neurotransmitter molecules are released,they may be broken down by enzymes or they may be re-absorbed back into the axon,a process known as

A)inhibition.
B)degradation.
C)refraction.
D)reuptake.

Question 77

____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will generate action potentials,whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will do so.

A)Excitatory;inhibitory
B)Inhibitory;excitatory
C)Postsynaptic;presynaptic
D)Presynaptic;postsynaptic

Question 78

Due to their similar chemical structures,morphine and other opiates are able to bind to _________ receptor sites.

A)GABA.
B)serotonin.
C)dopamine.
D)endorphin.

Question 79

Andy has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems.Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the problems Andy is experiencing?

A)GABA
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 80

Sinan suffers from high anxiety.His doctor prescribes him Xanax,a drug that increases the activity of GABA.Xanax is considered a(n)

A)GABA antagonist.
B)GABA agonist.
C)excitatory neurotransmitter.
D)inhibitory neurotransmitter.