Question 1

On average,the personalities of fraternal twins are more alike than they are for identical twins.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Identical twins are more likely to have similar personalities than fraternal twins because they share nearly all of the same genetic information. Fraternal twins, like any other siblings, share about 50% of their genetic information on average. However, environmental factors can also play a role in shaping personality, so even identical twins may not have identical personalities.

Question 2

An infant's temperament is a useful predictor of his or her adult personality.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there is a correlation between an infant's temperament and their personality in adulthood. However, it is important to note that other factors such as environmental influences and life experiences also play a significant role in shaping an individual's personality.

Question 3

The founders of humanistic psychology had a much more optimistic view of human personality than Freud and many of his followers did.

Accepted Answer

The founders of humanistic psychology, such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, believed in the innate goodness and potential of human beings, in contrast to Freud's emphasis on unconscious conflicts and negative aspects of human nature.

Question 4

Individuals identified as having a &#34;Right-Wing Authoritarianism&#34; personality tend to hold strong beliefs and are generally more prejudiced.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals with a "Right-Wing Authoritarianism" personality tend to have rigid belief systems, follow authority figures, and be more prejudiced towards groups that they perceive as deviant or different from their own.

Question 5

While some mental health professionals still use the TAT and Rorschach test,their popularity appears to be declining.

Accepted Answer

While some mental health professionals may still use these tests, their popularity has decreased over time due to a lack of clear scientific evidence supporting their validity and reliability.

Question 6

While gender differences in personality exist,they are quite small and may be mostly explained by economic factors.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have found that gender differences in personality, such as assertiveness and sensitivity, are relatively small and may be influenced by social and economic factors such as cultural norms and employment opportunities.

Question 7

The two broad approaches to personality measurement are humanistic and psychoanalytic.

Accepted Answer

The two broad approaches to personality measurement are actually trait-based and psychodynamic. Trait-based approaches emphasize the measurement of specific personality traits, while psychodynamic approaches focus on the unconscious and early childhood experiences as determinants of personality. The humanistic approach is a theoretical perspective in psychology that emphasizes the individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization, and is not considered a valid approach to personality measurement.

Question 8

Research suggests that mammals-such as dogs,cats,and primates-are the only animals which demonstrate consistent personalities.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that a wide range of animals, not just mammals but also birds, fish, and even invertebrates like octopuses, can exhibit consistent personality traits, indicating that personality is not exclusive to mammals.

Question 9

Most research on the Big Five personality factors has been only been conducted on people from WEIRD cultures.

Accepted Answer

Most of the research on the Big Five personality factors has been conducted on individuals from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) cultures. This limits the generalizability of the findings to other cultures and populations.

Question 10

Freud believed that the influence of the superego is present at birth,whereas the id must develop with experience.

Accepted Answer

It is actually the opposite; Freud believed that the id is present at birth, while the superego develops over time through societal and parental influences.

Deck 12: A: Personality