Deck 12: Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Nutritional Counseling

Question 1

Which of the following is considered a non-essential amino acid?

A)Histidine
B)Methionine
C)Phenylalanine
D)Tyrosine

Answer 1

Tyrosine

Question 2

The RDA for digestible carbohydrate is 130 g/day. The minimum adult intake is 50 to 100 g to prevent use of body protein as an energy source.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Answer 2

Both statements are TRUE

Question 3

All of the following hormones are anabolic EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Insulin
B)Adrenocortical hormones
C)Growth hormone
D)Sex hormones

Answer 3

Adrenocortical hormones

Question 4

Which one of the following terms refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom of diabetes?

A)Polyuria
B)Polyol
C)Polyphagia
D)Polydipsia

Question 5

________________________is the synthesis of blood glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

A)Glycogenolysis
B)Gluconeogenesis
C)Glyconeogenesis
D)Glycolysis

Question 6

De novo synthesis is an anabolic process that requires all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
B)Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
C)Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
D)α-Keto acid

Question 7

What is the recommended fiber intake for adults?

A)50 g per day
B)35-40 g per day
C)20-30 g per day
D)15 g per day

Question 8

Which of the following dietary habits is MOST likely to contribute to caries risk?

A)Form of simple sugar consumed
B)Timing of ingestion of simple sugars
C)Frequency of simple sugar consumption
D)Total intake of simple sugars

Question 9

Which one of the following is an example of a simple carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide units?

A)Glucose
B)Sucrose
C)Fructose
D)Amylose

Question 10

Nutritive sweeteners are used by the body as an energy source. Which of the following is an example of a nutritive sweetener?

A)Aspartame
B)Xylitol
C)Saccharin
D)Sucralose

Question 11

Lipoproteins are responsible for carrying lipids throughout the body. Which of the following lipoproteins primarily carry cholesterol from the liver to peripheral sites?

A)Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
B)Chylomicrons
C)Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
D)High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 12

All of the following are biologic roles and functions of carbohydrates EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Provide precursors of structural and functional molecules
B)Provide 9 kcal/g
C)Provide bulk and palatability to the diet
D)Spare protein

Question 13

Soluble fibers regulate the use of sugars and slow down gastric emptying. All of the following are examples of soluble fibers EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Pectin
B)Oat bran
C)Lignin
D)Mucilages

Question 14

Which of the following is only required by persons with type 2 diabetes?

A)Routine blood testing
B)Daily injections of insulin
C)Specialized diet to help control the disease
D)Routine urine testing to monitor ketone levels

Question 15

Secondary lactose intolerance can occur as a result of all the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Congenital absence of lactase
B)Certain disease conditions that affect the gastrointestinal mucosa
C)Intestinal injury
D)Infections that cause injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa

Question 16

The following are examples of proteins' various roles in oral biology EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Maintain the integrity of pulpal tissue throughout life
B)Essential for all cells in growth, development, and maintenance of the periodontium
C)Provide a coating on the tooth's surface and prevent retention of food particles
D)Essential for the normal function of cellular defenses against subgingival bacteria and toxins.

Question 17

Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive uric acid production?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Gout
C)Homocystinuria
D)Maple syrup urine disease

Question 18

Anabolic hormones are metabolic regulators that raise the blood glucose level. Catabolic hormones lower the blood glucose level.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 19

Which one of the following monosaccharides is the most important physiologically?

A)Hexoses
B)Trioses
C)Pentoses
D)Tetroses

Question 20

Negative nitrogen balance indicates net protein breakdown. It occurs during childhood, pregnancy, and recovery from undernutrition, surgery, or illness.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 21

All of the following describe water-soluble vitamins EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)They are sensitive to heat, light, and oxygen
B)They are absorbed by active transport
C)They contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; can also contain cobalt and sulfur
D)They are absorbed by passive transport
E)Can be toxic with chronic excessive intake

Question 22

All of the following statements are true about fat, soluble vitamins EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Fat-soluble vitamins are not absolutely necessary in the diet every day
B)Fat-soluble vitamins must be emulsified and carried across the membranes of the intestinal cells in the presence of fat and bile
C)Fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted in urine
D)Fat-soluble vitamin intake in excess of the daily need is stored in the body

Question 23

What role does vitamin C have in tooth formation?

A)Is involved in the formation of the matrix of dentin and enamel
B)Is important to the normal growth of dentin and enamel
C)Controls calcification of dentin and enamel
D)Is involved in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis

Question 24

Cholesterol is a precursor of many steroid compounds and a constituent of cell membranes. Cholesterol comes from all of the following sources EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Exogenous sources
B)Endogenous sources
C)Plant-based foods
D)Foods of animal origin

Question 25

What is the immediate and preferred source of energy for cellular metabolism?

A)Protein
B)Glucose
C)Fat
D)Ethanol

Question 26

Osteocytes function in the synthesis of the alveolus. They function in the process of bone apposition and resorption. All of the following vitamins are important in the synthesis of the alveolus EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Vitamin C
B)Vitamin A
C)Vitamin D
D)Calcium

Question 27

From which of the following conditions can primary nutrient deficiency result?

A)Accessibility to food
B)Drug-nutrient interactions
C)Allergies
D)Metabolic disease

Question 28

Each of the following is associated with dehydration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Sodium retention
B)Diarrhea
C)Malfunction of kidneys
D)Blood loss

Question 29

Anorexia bulimia is a condition of binging and purging most commonly seen in adolescent females who appear normal in weight. Anorexia nervosa occurs more commonly in females from lower socioeconomic groups who are typically underachievers.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 30

Biochemical disturbances occur as a manifestation of primary and secondary deficiencies. Which of the following statements is TRUE about biochemical disturbances?

A)They are the earliest sign of malnutrition
B)They are determined by clinical examination of body tissues
C)They occur if duration of deficiency is long enough to deplete the body's stores
D)They present as signs of chronic and severe malnutrition

Question 31

Thermic effect of food (TEF) is the energy needed to digest, absorb, and metabolize food. Age, gender, and body size are among a few of the factors that influence TEF.

A)The first statement is TRUE and the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE and the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 32

All of the following are important post-eruptive effects of carbohydrate on the teeth EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Streptococcus mutans synthesize polysaccharides from sucrose which enhances bacterial plaque formation
B)Carbohydrates provide an energy source for oral bacteria
C)Lactic acid, pyruvate acid, or acetyl-coenzyme A are the end products of glycolysis for acidogenic bacteria
D)Carbohydrates contribute to enamel remineralization

Question 33

A person with a body mass index (BMI) of _______________________is considered overweight.

A)18.5-24.9
B)25.0-25.9
C)30.0-34.9
D)>40

Question 34

Body water, as a percentage of body weight, increases with age. The majority of body water is intracellular.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 35

Increased caries rate is attributed to a deficiency of vitamin D. Pulp calcification can occur if an excess of vitamin D exists.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE about the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)The BMR should be measured while a person sleeps
B)The BMR is influenced by climate and altitude
C)The BMR includes the energy necessary for normal muscle activity
D)The BMR should be measured at an environmental temperature of 98.6°F

Question 37

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of disordered eating?

A)Periodontitis
B)Perimylosis
C)Severe weight loss
D)Lanugo

Question 38

Which of the following methods of dietary assessment presents a TRUE measure of intake and is (are) suitable to use with individuals in the clinical setting?

A)Food frequency record and 24-hour recall
B)24-hour recall and food record diary
C)Food record diary and food frequency questionnaire
D)Multiple 24-hour recalls

Question 39

Vitamins are inorganic substances that are essential to life. Megadoses of vitamins may result in toxicity of one or many nutrients and inhibition of others.

A)The first statement is TRUE; the second statement is FALSE
B)The first statement is FALSE; the second statement is TRUE
C)Both statements are TRUE
D)Both statements are FALSE

Question 40

In a healthy individual, if the amount of glucose in the blood exceeds the body's immediate energy needs, all of the following can occur EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Glucose will be converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue
B)Glucose will be stored as glycogen in liver and muscle
C)Excess glucose will be excreted in urine
D)Excess glucose can be converted to keto acids to be used in protein synthesis

Question 41

Answer questions 44 to 46 based on Case A.CASE A
Charlie is an 80-year-old male patient, who presents to the dental clinic for routine prophylaxis.His wife passed away about a year ago.Charlie has had several missing teeth on both his maxillary and mandibular arch.He lives on a limited income, so he does not want to have any type of prosthetic dental work done.He says, "I'm old, and I don't need to spend the money on fake teeth-I eat just fine." After reviewing Charlie's health and pharmacologic history, the dental hygienist notes that he has lost a considerable amount of weight in the past 6 months.In addition, four new areas of decay are identified during the oral examination.The hygienist questions Charlie about his dietary habits.Charlie reports that he eats about two meals a day and that he buys a lot of convenience foods because they are much easier to prepare.He adds that he drinks black coffee with two tablespoons of sugar in a day.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the dietary reference intake (DRI)?

A)The intake level sufficient to meet nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals
B)Value based on the observed average or experimentally set intake by individuals that appear to sustain a defined nutritional status
C)Nutrient intake value estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a group
D)Value based on approximation of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people

Question 42

All of the following are limitations of the direct approach to nutritional counseling EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A)It fosters client dependence
B)With the indirect approach (also known as the behavior modification approach) more time and effort are required to arrive at solutions to dietary problems
C)The client is not involved in decision making
D)Little chance of success exists if the client is not committed

Question 43

Maria has several areas of incipient decay. All of the following are potential factors to Maria's new areas of decay EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Form of foods consumed
B)Frequency of foods consumed
C)Timing of foods consumed
D)Amount of food consumed

Question 44

All of the following types of dietary fiber play a role in lowering blood cholesterol EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A) Pectin
B) Oat bran
C) Lignin
D) Mucilages

Question 45

Individuals with special needs often have more periodontal disease compared with the general population. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY reason for Maria's increasing pocket depths?

A)Poor oral hygiene and malocclusion
B)Diet
C)Fruit juice consumption
D)Nutritional deficiencies

Question 46

The new dental caries activity in Charlie's mouth is most likely caused by all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A)Sugar added to coffee
B)Timing of the foods consumed
C)Forms of foods consumed
D)Consumption of only two meals a day

Question 47

Answer questions 47 to 49 based on Case B.
CASE B
Maria, an 8-year-old girl with cerebral palsy, presents to the dental clinic for her 6-month continued care appointment. The dental hygienist performs an oral examination and updates her dental charting. Maria has severe malocclusion, which makes it difficult for her to clean her teeth adequately. Her gingiva is inflamed. The dental hygienist finds several incipient caries. A periodontal assessment reveals probing depths of 4 to 5 mm isolated to the posterior teeth. Maria's plaque score is 64%. The dental hygienist questions Maria about her daily oral hygiene habits. Maria's mother, who is also attending the appointment, states that her daughter is very diligent about brushing her teeth after meals. However, Maria's limited dexterity affects her oral self-care ability. Maria's diet consists of three balanced meals per day and snacks. Her mother is very diligent about preparing vegetables for Maria, slightly overcooking the vegetables so that they are easy for Maria to eat. Maria consumes three or four glasses of 100% fruit juice daily. Her mother offers juice with meals and also during snack time. Sugar-containing foods are not kept at home, so Maria only consumes them on special occasions.
All of the following nutrients are typically lower in those individuals who are edentulous or who have limited mastication because of loss of teeth EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A) Magnesium
B) Folic acid
C) Zinc
D) Vitamin B₁₂

Question 48

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the diet of individuals who are edentulous or who have limited mastication because of loss of teeth?

A)Intake of dairy products is reduced
B)Intake of grains is reduced
C)Intake of meats is reduced
D)More fruits and vegetables are consumed

Question 49

The dental hygienist asks Maria to fill out a dietary intake questionnaire with the assistance of her mother. This type of assessment tool has many advantages. On the basis of the scenario presented above, which of the following would be the best rationale for Maria to use the questionnaire?

A) Can be filled out by the client in the oral health care setting
B) Takes only 15 to 20 minutes to complete
C) Allows analysis of food group consumption
D) Allows evaluation of sugar intake

Question 50

Of the following methods of anthropometric analysis, which one is the MOST accurate measurement for body volume?

A)Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
B)Skinfold thickness measurement
C)Bioelectrical impedance
D)Underwater weighing