Deck 5: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, and Observational Learning

Question 1

Which one of the following is NOT included in Seligman's preparedness hypothesis?

A) unprepared
B) very prepared
C) contraprepared
D) prepared

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the meat powder was the:

A) UCS
B) CS
C) CR
D) UCR

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the experiment by Garcia and Koelling (1966), a group of rats was exposed to a taste cue followed by X-rays which made the rats feel sick. Later, these rats:

A) avoided light and sound cues
B) did not avoid the taste cue
C) avoided the taste cue
D) were neutral in their behavior toward the taste cue

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Thorndike (1913) found that the consequences of a response strengthen the connection between that response and some stimulus in the environment. He called this strengthening the:

A) law of effect
B) Thorndike's learning hypothesis
C) classical conditioning law
D) preparedness hypothesis

Question 5

As it relates to systematic desensitization, the term counterconditioning means:

A) to condition with an aversive stimulus
B) to extinguish a previously acquired response
C) a conditioning procedure in which a negative CS is paired with a positive UCS
D) to condition with an internal CS

Question 6

In intero-exteroceptive conditioning:

A) both the UCS and CS are applied externally but the response is internal
B) both the UCS and CS are applied internally but the response is external
C) the CS is applied internally and the UCS externally
D) the UCS is given internally and the CS is given externally

Question 7

Which of the following is not true of interoceptive conditioning?

A) it requires conscious experience or awareness of the conditioning
B) it is usually unavoidable
C) it can lead to maladaptive behaviors
D) it is more permanent than external classical conditioning

Question 8

In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively:

A) active
B) alert
C) passive
D) unconscious

Question 9

In Pavlov's experiment, removing the UCS and only presenting the CS will eventually lead to:

A) motivation
B) reinforcement
C) extinction
D) learning

Question 10

Pavlov's work with experimental neurosis showed that:

A) instrumental conditioning can lead to motivated behavior
B) classical conditioning can lead to motivated behavior
C) neither classical nor instrumental conditioning is involved in motivated behavior
D) people can be conditioned to be neurotic

Question 11

Wolpe's therapeutic technique called systematic desensitization:

A) is a type of instrumental conditioning
B) uses an anxiety hierarchy
C) pairs relaxation and real anxiety producing people and activities
D) is based on operant conditioning

Question 12

In the experiment with the "tasty" and "bright-noisy" water, the footshock group:

A) associated the tasty water with the shock
B) did not associate the tasty water with the shock
C) did not associate the bright-noisy water with the shock
D) did not show any preferences in the study

Question 13

According to Bolles's (1975) theory of amount of reinforcement effect (AOR):

A) there is a positive relationship between the quality of reinforcement and performance
B) there is a positive relationship between the quantity of reinforcement and performance
C) the amount of reinforcement affects performance is a curvilinear manner
D) greater amounts of reinforcement produce greater persistence of behavior

Question 14

In Watson's and Rayner's experiment with the infant "Little Albert":

A) the white rat was the UCS causing fear
B) the loud noise caused by striking the metal bar was the UCS for fear
C) the white rat became the CS for fear
D) Watson became the CS for fear

Question 15

Taste aversion learning is best viewed as:

A) modeling learning
B) classical conditioning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 16

Chemotherapy patients sometimes eat less than they should. Research suggests that this lack of eating may be caused by:

A) a pre-existing case of anorexia nervosa
B) changes in the nervous system due to the effects of chemotherapy
C) the direct action of the chemotherapy drugs on satiety signals from the stomach
D) a learned aversion to food eaten near the time of chemotherapy treatment

Question 17

The situation of a child who learns to work hard at school in order to get praise from his teachers and parents would be an example of:

A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) interoceptive conditioning
D) latent learning

Question 18

The research of Mary Cover Jones (1924) demonstrated that:

A) fear can be eliminated through classical conditioning
B) fear is permanent
C) fear is easy to develop
D) instrumental conditioning can reduce fear

Question 19

In an experiment by Pavlov, dogs were required to make finer and finer discriminations between circles and ellipses. When the dogs could no longer reliably discriminate, they:

A) behaved randomly
B) became passive and depressed
C) became vicious and aggressive
D) developed "neurotic" behavior

Question 20

Taste aversion studies suggest that:

A) organisms are prepared to make some associations more readily than others
B) learned associations are the same across species
C) learned associations are all basically unprepared
D) prepared, unprepared, and contraprepared associations are all accomplished in the same way

Question 21

A _____ serves as a reminder of the other reinforcers it can buy.

A) generalized reinforcer
B) token
C) stimulus
D) reinforcing stimulus

Question 22

According to Bandura's social learning theory, the primary function of reinforcement is:

A) to reduce a social need
B) motivational and informational
C) only motivational
D) only informational

Question 23

Secondary reinforcers:

A) are intrinsically reinforcing due to their very nature
B) come to control responding due to their association with other reinforcers
C) are such things as water, food, avoidance of pain
D) usually involve a form of latent learning

Question 24

Which of the following has research on learned helplessness NOT shown?

A) control over the environment is crucial for avoiding helplessness
B) "inoculating" subjects against helplessness can prevent helplessness from developing
C) both rats and humans easily learn to be helpless
D) animals can be taught to gain control over their environments

Question 25

In _____ training, a rat is taught the bar press a lever on a schedule of reinforcement. Then independently the rat is subjected to parings of time and shock. Afterward, the rat will suppress bar pressing when the tone is on (with no shock).

A) classical conditioning
B) aversion test
C) conditioned emotional response
D) operant conditioning

Question 26

According to Seligman (1976), all of the following are symptoms of helplessness EXCEPT:

A) passivity
B) retardation of learning
C) decrease in aggressiveness or competitiveness
D) increase in helplessness with time

Question 27

A generalized conditioned reinforcer is:

A) an unlearned reinforcer
B) a reinforcer that conditions people to respond to many situations
C) a reinforcer that only maintains behavior under certain general conditions
D) a stimulus that previously has been paired with several different primary reinforcers

Question 28

A _____ reinforcer is effective because of its very nature, while a _____ reinforcer is effective only after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer.

A) large; small
B) generalized; automatic
C) primary; conditioned
D) learned; instinctive

Question 29

According to Bandura, human behavior results from:

A) internal, conflicting forces
B) control from the environment, i.e., reinforcement and punishment
C) interactions between behaviors and the conditions that control the behaviors
D) cognitive factors only

Question 30

In an experiment on the effects of reinforcement on running speed, when a large reward that the rats had been receiving was changed to a medium reward, their performance declined to below a group that always received a medium reward. This is called:

A) negative contrast
B) positive contrast
C) diminishing reward effect
D) quality of reward effect

Question 31

A _____ increases the probability of the response that it follows.

A) stimulus
B) motivation
C) reinforcer
D) latent investment

Question 32

A greater quality of reinforcement has which of the following effects upon performance?

A) generally decreases the amount of performance
B) generally improves performance
C) does not alter performance
D) makes performance more resistant to extinction

Question 33

Vicarious learning means:

A) learning by observing others
B) classical conditioning
C) emotional learning
D) no schedule of reinforcement

Question 34

In a long-term study of the effects of a token economy on mining safety, results showed that:

A) tokens influenced safety at first, but had no long-term effects
B) tokens generally were not valued by the miners
C) lost-time injuries were reduced significantly at both mines in the study
D) lost-time injuries were reduced at one mine, but not at the other

Question 35

According to Bandura, which of the following is NOT a modeling process in observational learning?

A) attention
B) retention
C) regulation
D) reproduction

Question 36

An animal that exhibited symptoms such as slowness to learn new responses, passivity, and failure to compete effectively for resources might be characterized as displaying _____, according to Seligman.

A) passive-aggressive tendencies
B) depression
C) interoceptive conditioning
D) learned helplessness

Question 37

In a token economy, tokens:

A) replace all reinforcers
B) can be exchanged for other reinforcers at a later time
C) can be used only with humans
D) have been shown to be ineffective in producing desirable results

Question 38

When Crespi (1942) gave rats different amounts of reinforcement for running, he found that:

A) larger rewards slowed the rats down
B) smaller rewards produced the fastest running
C) larger rewards produced faster running
D) amount of reward did not influence running speed

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true according to results of Seligman's experiment in which dogs were given unavoidable shocks? The dogs given unavoidable shocks:

A) were much slower to learn to avoid the shock in a new "controllable" situation
B) were less aggressive in aversive and competitive conditions
C) got better with time
D) could not be prevented from developing learned helplessness

Question 40

The importance of vicarious reinforcement situations is that they show that:

A) we alter our behavior as a result of observing consequences of behavior of others
B) reinforcement lowers inhibitions
C) motivational aspects of reinforcement are not important
D) classical conditioning is essential for pleasure

Question 41

The concept of "sexual values" implies that:

A) acceptable sexual behaviors are the same from one culture to another
B) acceptable sexual behaviors depend upon the culture in which one is raised
C) what constitutes acceptable sexual behavior changes as a person ages
D) sexual behavior is often considered valuable

Question 42

Pfaus and colleagues (2001) stated that rats prefer a location that has previously been paired with a mate for copulation. This phenomenon is called:

A) classical conditioned sex
B) mating location preference
C) sexual habituation
D) conditional place preference

Question 43

Research on aggression has shown all of the following EXCEPT:

A) aggression is a basic instinct in humans
B) people who are reinforced for aggressive behavior tend to continue to be aggressive
C) aggression may be due, in part, to classical conditioning
D) individuals can learn to be aggressive by observing aggressive behavior in others

Question 44

According to Luria and colleagues (1987), most people learn the rules of sexual behavior during:

A) early childhood
B) just before puberty
C) adolescence
D) early adulthood

Question 45

The situation in which an individual reacts aggressively almost without thinking is what Berkowitz called:

A) instinctive aggression
B) impulsive aggression
C) unconscious aggression
D) learned aggression

Question 46

Little Johnny is watching his father shave. Which modeling process is he exhibiting?

A) attention
B) reproduction
C) regulation
D) retention

Question 47

Studies of rats that learn to go to the correct arm of a T-maze, or to press a lever for the opportunity to kill a mouse suggest that aggressive behavior:

A) itself may be reinforcing
B) occurs if it is rewarded
C) is caused by genetic predisposition in some rats
D) is influenced only by reinforcement

Question 48

In Bandura's modeled aggression study, children's aggressive behavior toward the _____ was measured.

A) other children
B) adult bystander
C) Bobo doll
D) experimenter

Question 49

When Bandura and his associates conducted experiments on aggression in children, they found:

A) children do not act aggressively until age five
B) children learn to model aggressive behaviors that they observe in others
C) observing aggressive behavior seems to inhibit the children's own aggression
D) only males were aggressive