Deck 3: Physiological Mechanisms of Arousal

Question 1

What is the normal portion of sleep time spent in REM sleep in adults?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sleep can be described as

A) a state of no arousal
B) a state of no behavior
C) having a strong relationship to motivation
D) the absence of behavior and arousal

Answer 2

C

Question 3

John wakes at the same time each morning, even without an alarm clock. What BEST explains this finding?

A) circadian rhythm
B) solar eclipse
C) hormone levels
D) neurotransmitters

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Hebb's theory, sensory information serves two functions, which are:

A) arousal and direction
B) cue and arousal
C) stimulation and direction
D) cue and stimulation

Question 5

Paradoxical sleep is another name for:

A) NREM sleep
B) daydreaming
C) REM sleep
D) narcolepsy

Question 6

According to studies by Ekman and others:

A) no changes in autonomic activities are discernible for emotions such as disgust or anger
B) autonomic changes may be triggered by contractions of specific facial muscles
C) there is no relationship between measures of behavioral, cortical and autonomic arousal
D) emotional reactions are not fully measureable physiologically

Question 7

Which stage or stages of sleep are called NREM?

A) stages 1 through 4
B) stage 1 only
C) stages 2 and 3 only
D) stage 4

Question 8

The arousal approach to motivation argues that we can best understand behavior by understanding how the organism:

A) is stressed
B) displays homeostasis
C) becomes activated
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 9

Mary is dreaming. What stage of sleep is she MOST likely in?

A) REM
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) NREM

Question 10

Most REM sleep occurs:

A) when we first fall asleep
B) early in the night
C) in the middle of the night
D) later in the night

Question 11

Research has shown that:

A) most dreams have a short duration, but can last up to an hour
B) most dreams tend to involve positive emotions
C) dreams later in the night tend to draw on events of the previous day
D) the average person spends 300 minutes dreaming each night

Question 12

Moruzzi and Magoun (1949) found that stimulation of the reticular activating system caused:

A) beta wave activity
B) alpha wave activity
C) sleep
D) sexual behavior

Question 13

According to the inverted-U function, performance:

A) peaks at some midrange level of arousal
B) peaks at low levels of arousal, only
C) peaks at high levels of arousal, only
D) is not related to arousal level

Question 14

According to current research, sleep

A) is totally controlled by dreams
B) is controlled by a circadian process that determines when we wake up
C) deprivation leads to severe mental health problems or death in humans
D) is a state of complete relaxation

Question 15

Sue has very high arousal (stress) this week. According to the inverted-U function, her performance in class will probably be:

A) the best of her life
B) good
C) excellent
D) poor

Question 16

Domhoff argues that:

A) there is continuity between waking thoughts and dreams
B) dreams tend to be totally independent from each other
C) waking thoughts and dreams are unrelated
D) dreams depend largely on the hindbrain

Question 17

The stage of sleep that contains a mix of theta, beta, and alpha waves is:

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 4
D) REM

Question 18

The best outward indicator of REM sleep is:

A) a combination of rapid eye movements and tense muscles
B) snoring
C) loss of muscle tone (temporary paralysis)
D) slow, deep breathing

Question 19

Bremer (1937) found that if the brain stem is cut between the medulla and the spinal cord, the animal:

A) sleeps constantly
B) goes through its normal wake-sleep cycle
C) is no longer able to sleep
D) cannot perform the inverted-U function

Question 20

Snoring commonly occurs during

A) REM sleep
B) NREM sleep
C) stage 1 sleep
D) any stage of sleep

Question 21

The General Adaptive Syndrome is defined as how the body reacts to:

A) all stressors
B) only infectious diseases
C) only violence and abuse
D) environmental pollution, such as toxic chemicals

Question 22

Which of the following is the most important criticism of life-change research?

A) there is no correlation between life-change and disease
B) predictions of disease or health are subjective and not scientific
C) individuals vary greatly in their ability to withstand stress
D) everyone shows the same responses to stress

Question 23

All of the following neurotransmitters promote arousal EXCEPT:

A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) GABA
D) serotonin

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a possible buffer for the disease causing effects of stress?

A) having a humorous expressive style
B) having a pessimistic explanatory style
C) hardiness
D) having alternate plans ready

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hardiness?

A) consideration
B) commitment
C) control
D) challenge

Question 26

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which of the following events would have the highest score?

A) divorce
B) Christmas
C) beginning school
D) marriage

Question 27

Among the major effects of stress is the activation of the:

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) exocrine glands
C) endocrine glands
D) reticular formation

Question 28

Which of the following is most strongly suggested as the main neurotransmitter promoting sleep?

A) adenosine
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) histamine

Question 29

Revonsuo proposed that dreaming functions to simulate threatening events and to allow us to rehearse behaviors associated with perceiving threats and avoiding them. This is called the:

A) conscious threats and avoidance theory
B) threat simulation theory
C) simulation of fear approach
D) simulated fear law

Question 30

Dement reported that when sleepers are repeatedly awakened during REM sleep:

A) they learn not to dream
B) there is no change in their dreaming pattern
C) there is a slight increase in dreaming
D) REM rebound occurs

Question 31

Hormones are described by the authors as;

A) chemical signals that act near their point of release in the body
B) chemicals which changed the rate of other chemical reactions in the body
C) chemical signals which operate by reaching receptors across a synapse
D) chemical signals that regulate or coordinate the activity of distant organs

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT evidence that adenosine may be involved in the chemical induction of sleep?

A) adenosine is produced by brain activity
B) adenosine inhibits the RAS
C) adenosine has an inhibitory effect on neurons than maintain arousal
D) caffeine blocks the receptor sites for adenosine

Question 33

When the body is forced to cope with or adapt to a changed situation, it is called:

A) coping
B) situational adjustment
C) bodily physical changes
D) stress

Question 34

The master gland within the endocrine system is the:

A) pituitary gland
B) adrenal gland
C) thyroid gland
D) hypothalamus

Question 35

The General Adaptive Syndrome:

A) is always beneficial
B) shows different expression of stage sequence in different individuals
C) sometimes results in specific diseases of adaptation
D) is always of short duration

Question 36

In studying the effects of life-change on illness, some studies involved individuals who had experienced suspect stress related illness being asked to indicate when specific life changes and specific illnesses occurred. This type of study is generally called a:

A) cohort study
B) retrospective study
C) double blind study
D) prospective study

Question 37

. Selye named the initial stage of our response to a stressor the:

A) resistance stage
B) alarm reaction
C) refractory stage
D) exhaustion stage

Question 38

Modest amounts of sleep deprivation of depressed patients tends to:

A) act as an antidepressant
B) make them angry
C) make them suicidal
D) reduce their REM sleep once they are allowed to sleep

Question 39

Webb (1986) found that sleep deprivation leads to:

A) decline in ability to sustain performance on short, simple tasks
B) decline in the ability to sustain performance on long, complex tasks
C) decline in accuracy
D) heightened awareness during thought problems

Question 40

The general effect of release of epinephrine and hydrocortisone into the blood stream is:

A) decreasing blood sugar, heart rate, and blood pressure
B) increasing blood sugar, decreasing heart rate, and blood pressure
C) increasing blood sugar, heart rate, and blood pressure
D) decreasing blood sugar, increasing heart rate, and blood pressure

Question 41

Mary has lost her sexual desire, a condition termed:

A) hypoactive sexual desire
B) arousal deviation
C) refractory contingent
D) plateau evasion

Question 42

Social support theory:

A) has shown that social support may be more effective for men than for women
B) explains why stress is harmful to social relationship
C) proposes that social relationships help buffer the effects of stress
D) has shown that social support may be more effective for women than for men

Question 43

Some studies suggest that social support as a buffer for stress related disease is:

A) equally effective for men and women
B) more effective for women
C) more effective for men
D) less effective for the young than for the old

Question 44

Explanatory style concerns _____, whereas expressive style concerns _____.

A) the ways we explain events; the ways we express our reaction to events
B) humor vs. crying; optimism vs. pessimism
C) way of coping; attributions
D) how men cope; how women cope

Question 45

Myotonia refers to:

A) a decrease in muscle tone throughout the body
B) an increase in muscle tone throughout the body
C) the concentration of blood in certain areas of the body
D) the draining of blood from various locations in the body

Question 46

An inert substance that people report makes them feel better is referred to as a:

A) relaxant
B) mood swing
C) placebo
D) psychoimmune function

Question 47

A refractory period of 10 to 30 minutes in the human sexual response cycle is most characteristic of:

A) older women
B) older men
C) younger women
D) younger men

Question 48

A field of psychology that deals with relationships between behavior and health/illness is called:

A) behavioral psychology
B) behavioral pharmacology
C) medical psychology
D) health psychology

Question 49

Psychoneuroimmunology is a discipline that studies the relationship between:

A) behavior and cancer
B) behavior, the nervous system and the immune system
C) mental health the immune system
D) exercise and the immune system

Question 50

Masters and Johnson have identified ____ stages of sexual arousal:

A) 4
B) 5
C) 3
D) 2