Deck 7: The Development of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Which offense qualifies as a violent offense under the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports?

A) burglary
B) robbery
C) arson
D) larceny-theft

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In legal terms, a juvenile delinquent is defined as a(n) ______.

A) individual under age 18 who engages in developmentally inappropriate behavior
B) individual who commits an act against the criminal code and is adjudicated delinquent by the court
C) minor who commits a violent act against another
D) minor who displays erratic behavior for a period of at least 6 months

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One reason that juveniles are arrested in greater numbers than their proportions in the population is because they commit ______.

A) crimes in groups
B) mostly violent crimes
C) all status offenses
D) crimes not reported to law enforcement

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which source of crime data was developed to address the shortcomings of the UCR?

A) National Incident-Based Reporting System
B) National Crime Victimization Survey
C) National Youth Survey
D) Monitoring the Future

Question 5

In order to convict someone of a criminal offense, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed ______.

A) a voluntary act with a guilty state of mind
B) extensive harm to a person or significant damage to property
C) a violent act against the criminal code
D) extensive damage without just cause

Question 6

Which statement illustrates a difference between male and female psychopaths?

A) Female psychopaths recidivate more than male psychopaths.
B) Environmental and cultural influences play a greater role in the development of psychopathy in females than in males.
C) Incidents of violence and aggression are more common with female psychopaths compared to male psychopaths.
D) Male psychopaths tend to be more skillful and manipulative in their aggression compared to female psychopaths.

Question 7

Compared to life course-persistent offenders, low-level chronic offenders ______.

A) peak at around age 16 and then decline during late teens and early adulthood
B) begin antisocial behavior early and then remain at a high level throughout their lifetimes
C) exhibit a rise in offending through early adolescence, plateau, and then remain at the same offending level well past age 18
D) engage in no delinquency in early adolescence but then display high-level delinquent behavior throughout adulthood

Question 8

Which theorist formulated the developmental dual systems model?

A) Terrie Moffitt
B) Laurence Steinberg
C) Robert Hare
D) Scott Lilienfeld

Question 9

According to Moffitt's developmental theory, a boy who bites playmates at age 3, shoplifts at age 10, commits burglary at age 19, and rapes at age 26 would be considered a(n) ______.

A) life course-persistent offender
B) ADHD offender
C) adolescent limited offender
D) antisocial offender

Question 10

Which term refers to a cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy, and deficits in emotional expression?

A) impulsivity-egocentricity
B) conduct disorder
C) callous-unemotional
D) inconsistent regulation

Question 11

The chapter focuses on criminal behavior that is ______ and ______.

A) violent; antisocial
B) serious; persistent
C) glorified; untreatable
D) involuntary; punitive

Question 12

Research on gendered pathways indicates that in adulthood, AL female offenders ______.

A) had poor economic outcomes
B) committed more violent crimes
C) had greater motivation to succeed in their careers
D) engaged in high levels of family conflict

Question 13

Which statement about the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports is correct?

A) It contains information about crimes unknown to law enforcement agencies.
B) It classifies serious crimes into sexual crimes and property crimes.
C) It is the sole method of recording police data on reported crimes and arrests.
D) It does not provide conviction data.

Question 14

The developmental dual systems model is based on empirical studies from the fields of developmental psychology and ______.

A) neuroscience
B) microbiology
C) forensic entomology
D) public policy

Question 15

Running away and truancy are examples of ______.

A) social delinquency
B) psychopathy
C) criminal violations
D) status offenses

Question 16

Which term is essential to the diagnosis of conduct disorder?

A) sporadic
B) disruptive
C) voluntary
D) habitual

Question 17

Which answer choice illustrates a reason that the juvenile psychopath label is so controversial?

A) The label has many negative connotations.
B) Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to be sentenced to death.
C) Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to have poor interpersonal skills.
D) Signs and symptoms of psychopathy are typically evident before birth.

Question 18

Evan is an 8-year-old boy who frequently sets small fires, is often aggressive toward his baby brother, and has difficulty communicating with others. Evan's father is convinced his son has antisocial personality disorder. Why is Evan's father wrong?

A) Evan is too young to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
B) Evan is male and is therefore does not qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.
C) Evan's behavior is neither illegal nor habitual and therefore doesn't qualify as antisocial personality disorder.
D) Evan's behavior is normal for an 8-year-old boy and therefore doesn't meet diagnostic criteria.

Question 19

Destruction of property and serious violation of rules are two DSM-V categories of ______.

A) antisocial behavior
B) conduct disorder
C) status offenses
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 20

All of the following are major categories of juvenile unlawful acts EXCEPT ______.

A) drug offenses
B) unlawful acts against oneself
C) offenses against the public order
D) status offenses

Question 21

What is the leading psychological diagnosis for children living in the United States?

A) depression
B) conduct disorder
C) ADHD
D) OCD

Question 22

Childhood onset and adolescent onset are two subtypes of which diagnosis?

A) ADHD
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) psychopathy

Question 23

Which individual would typically have the greatest influence on a 15-year-old girl?

A) her physician
B) her older sister
C) her friend
D) her father

Question 24

All of the following terms can be used to describe juvenile firesetting EXCEPT ______.

A) undetected
B) unreported
C) unsubstantiated
D) unsolved

Question 25

Research suggests that children who continue to set fires after age ______ frequently demonstrate poor social skills and poor impulse control.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 26

Most firesetters are ______.

A) young males
B) runaway girls
C) troubled teenagers
D) pathological preschoolers

Question 27

Which of the following is a form of intelligence measured by standard IQ tests?

A) naturalistic
B) interpersonal
C) linguistic
D) kinesthetic

Question 28

While walking through the halls of middle school, Vic accidentally bumps into a student named Jack. Vic is surprised when Jack responds by yelling profanity at Vic and punching him in the stomach several times. Which term best describes Jack's reaction?

A) hostile attribution bias
B) visual-spatial deficit
C) callous-unemotional effect
D) reactive transference

Question 29

Which common childhood diagnosis is closely linked to poor executive functioning?

A) ADHD
B) substance abuse
C) psychopathy
D) schizophrenia

Question 30

Which statement about the cause of ADHD is correct?

A) The cause of ADHD is unknown.
B) ADHD is caused by exposure to toxic substances in the preschool years.
C) The cause of ADHD likely involves childhood vaccinations.
D) ADHD is caused by genetic factors.

Question 31

What do the Supreme Court cases Miller v. Alabama (2012), Jackson v. Hobbs (2012), and Roper v. Simmons (2005) all have in common?

A) They involved the death penalty for juvenile offenders.
B) They all involved juvenile psychopaths.
C) The decisions all involved research on cognitive abilities of adolescents.
D) The decisions all involved the provision of rehabilitative services.

Question 32

Steinberg's 2016 study underscores the validity of the dual systems model in explaining risk-taking and offending behavior across ______.

A) the lifespan
B) the state of Texas
C) time
D) cultures

Question 33

Interpersonal, deviant lifestyle, and deficient affective pertain to the ______.

A) three core factors of psychopathy
B) developmental trajectory of psychopathy
C) biopsychological influences of psychopathy
D) characteristics of female juvenile psychopathy

Question 34

Which neurotransmitter is central to Laurence Steinberg's model of adolescent risk-taking?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) amygdala
D) epinephrine

Question 35

Compared to violent offenders who are not psychopaths, criminal psychopaths engage in violent offenses that involve ______.

A) domestic disputes
B) extreme emotional arousal
C) revenge while drinking
D) a close family member

Question 36

Excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention are the three central behaviors of ______.

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) juvenile psychopathy
D) executive function

Question 37

Which statement best summarizes the development of the social brain?

A) It rapidly develops through infancy and then slows down during the teenage years.
B) It lies dormant until early adulthood and then rapidly develops.
C) It slowly develops until the early to mid-40s and then stabilizes.
D) It rapidly develops through adolescence and stabilizes in the early to mid-20s.

Question 38

Tia has always been a capable student who is aware of her strengths and limitations. She is kind to her friends and family and shows empathy to others. Tia likely has high ______.

A) naturalistic intelligence
B) emotional intelligence
C) visual-spatial ability
D) attribution ability

Question 39

Research suggests that all of the following are motives for juvenile firesetting EXCEPT ______.

A) a wish to get back at authority
B) a need for excitement
C) a drive to harm others
D) a desire for status

Question 40

What is the most common treatment for ADHD?

A) medication
B) cognitive behavioral therapy
C) multisystemic treatment
D) psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy

Question 41

According to Moffitt, the majority of delinquents are life course-persistent offenders.

Question 42

During adolescence, face processing of the social cognition system becomes more specialized in line with the norms of the culture with which the person is most familiar.

Question 43

Youths at the fireplay stage of firesetting often use fire to destroy property.

Question 44

A 12-year-old boy who sets damaging fires in order to get attention is likely at which stage of firesetting behavior?

A) fire interest
B) fire experimentation
C) fireplay
D) firesetting

Question 45

Historically, research on psychopathy primarily focused on postpartum females.

Question 46

ADHD causes antisocial behavior.

Question 47

Research has found that treatment makes psychopaths more likely to recidivate.

Question 48

According to Quay (1965), an important feature in the behavioral description of a psychopath is the ______.

A) ability to escape detection
B) neuropsychological need for excitement
C) range of crimes committed
D) poor judgment

Question 49

The majority of juvenile offenders grow up to become chronic adult offenders.

Question 50

Preliminary diffusion tensor imaging results indicate that adolescent males tend to outperform females on emotion identification and nonverbal reasoning.

Question 51

The research has strongly supported the reliability and validity of the PCL-R for distinguishing criminal psychopaths from criminal nonpsychopaths and for helping correctional psychologists in risk assessments of inmates.

Question 52

The majority of firesetters are young males.

Question 53

An individual who engages in habitual criminal behavior and demonstrates a cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurological features that discriminate him or her from the general population is referred to as a psychopath.

Question 54

Criminality is one of the three central behaviors of ADHD.

Question 55

The terms antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are synonymous.

Question 56

Kolko's (2002) firesetter typology is based on the ______ of a firesetter.

A) criminal history
B) mental disorder
C) age
D) motivation

Question 57

Developmental psychologists typically view adolescents as less responsible for their behavior than adults.

Question 58

Which quality do sociopaths have that psychopaths lack?

A) criminal history
B) empathy
C) firesetting in childhood
D) callous-unemotional traits

Question 59

Factor 1 is to the ______ components of psychopathy, where Factor 2 is to the ______ components of psychopathy.

A) goals and ambitions; socioeconomic status and educational attainment
B) socioeconomic status and educational attainment; goals and ambitions
C) deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes; interpersonal and affective
D) interpersonal and affective; deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitude

Question 60

The most complete official nationwide compilation of juvenile offending is the FBI's UCR.

Question 61

How does adolescent risk-taking behavior play a primary role in adolescent mortality?

Question 62

Explain the controversy associated with the concept of juvenile psychopathy. What is your opinion on this issue?

Question 63

Describe the Uniform Crime Reports. Include the limitations of these data.

Question 64

Define delinquency from a legal perspective, a social perspective, and a psychological perspective.

Question 65

Define the terms actus reus and mens rea. How do these terms pertain to juvenile delinquency?

Question 66

Discuss the reasons why many arsons set by youth go undetected and unreported.

Question 67

Compare and contrast a male psychopath and a female psychopath.