Deck 26: Nervous System Infections

Question 1

Epidemics of meningitis appear to involve

A)Streptococcus pneumoniae.
B)Haemophilus influenzae.
C)Neisseria meningitidis.
D)Streptococcus pyogenes.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cavities inside the brain are termed

A)sinuses.
B)ventricles.
C)cavities.
D)sulci.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which is true of listeriosis?

A)It is a foodborne disease.
B)It may result in meningitis.
C)It is usually asymptomatic in healthy people.
D)It is caused by an organism that can grow at refrigerator temperatures.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

An infection of the membranes covering the brain is called

A)encephalitis.
B)meningitis.
C)arachnitis.
D)ventriculitis.

Question 5

The only known human pathogen that preferentially attacks the peripheral nerves is

A)N.meningitidis.
B)polio virus.
C)E.coli.
D)M.leprae.

Question 6

Leprosy is

A)an infectious disease caused by a bacterium.
B)a disease of the blood.
C)also known as Hansen's disease.
D)described in the Bible.
E)an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, also known as Hansen's disease AND described in the Bible.

Question 7

The nerves that carry information to the CNS are termed

A)motor nerves.
B)endocrine nerves.
C)sensory nerves.
D)cerebrospinal nerves.

Question 8

The leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is

A)Escherichia coli.
B)Haemophilus influenzae.
C)Streptococcus pneumoniae.
D)Neisseria meningitidis.

Question 9

The central nervous system is made up of the

A)brain and spinal cord.
B)spinal cord and spinal nerves.
C)sympathetic and parasympathetic system.
D)brain and endocrine organs.

Question 10

To determine the causative agent of a CNS infection, a sample is taken from the

A)cerebrospinal fluid.
B)arterial blood.
C)venous blood.
D)urine.

Question 11

The nervous system typically

A)is sterile.
B)has a small number of normal flora.
C)contains Gram-positive bacteria.
D)contains a small number of viruses.

Question 12

The limited type of leprosy in which cell-mediated immunity suppresses proliferation of the bacilli is called

A)lepromatous.
B)limited.
C)immune.
D)tuberculoid.

Question 13

Meningococcal meningitis is typically acquired through the

A)genitourinary tract.
B)respiratory tract.
C)gastrointestinal tract.
D)skin.

Question 14

The membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord are known as the

A)neurolemma.
B)dura mater.
C)meninges.
D)collagen.

Question 15

Which of the following agents travel up the nerves to penetrate the CNS?

A)rabies
B)herpes simplex
C)tetanus toxin
D)polio
E)rabies, herpes simplex AND tetanus toxin

Question 16

The menigococcus attach to the mucus membrane via

A)flagella.
B)pili.
C)cilia.
D)a capsule.

Question 17

The chief source of CNS infections is through the

A)bloodstream.
B)genitourinary system.
C)skin.
D)nerves.

Question 18

The CNS may become infected through the

A)bloodstream.
B)nerves.
C)extensions from bone.
D)ventricles.
E)bloodstream, nerves AND extensions from bone.

Question 19

Mycobacterium leprae has a generation time of

A)20 minutes.
B)1 hour.
C)6 hours.
D)12 days.

Question 20

Identification of the various strains of N. meningitidis is through

A)Gram staining.
B)serogrouping.
C)fluorescent antibodies.
D)titering.

Question 21

Intestinal botulism, especially in infants, has been linked to ingestion of

A)seafood.
B)milk.
C)applesauce.
D)honey.

Question 22

The symptom at the site of an animal bite that suggests rabies as a possible diagnosis is

A)inability to heal.
B)blue-green pus.
C)tingling or twitching.
D)festering without fever.

Question 23

In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the

A)neuromuscular region.
B)spinal cord.
C)respiratory area.
D)brain.

Question 24

Which animal is used as an early warning system for encephalitis?

A)armadillos
B)mice
C)chickens
D)foxes

Question 25

Viral central nervous system infections may result in

A)meningitis.
B)encephalitis.
C)poliomyelitis.
D)rabies.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

The poliomyelitis virus is in the picornavirus family in the subgroup

A)adenoviruses.
B)enteroviruses.
C)arboviruses.
D)dermotropic.

Question 27

Humans acquire the arbovirus that causes epidemic encephalitis by

A)the fecal-oral route.
B)human to human contact.
C)contaminated food.
D)the bite of an infected mosquito.

Question 28

The poliomyelitis virus appears to selectively destroy

A)sensory nerve cells.
B)mixed nerve cells.
C)autonomic nerve cells.
D)motor nerve cells.

Question 29

Food contaminated with

A)looks odd.
B)smells bad.
C)tastes bad.
C)botulinum often
D)appears normal.

Question 30

The polio viruses usually enter the body through

A)the oral route.
B)contaminated blood.
C)cuts in the skin.
D)the respiratory route.

Question 31

M. leprae may infect

A)mangabey monkeys.
B)skunks.
C)iguanas.
D)armadillos.
E)mangabey monkeys AND armadillos.

Question 32

Which is true of the poliomyelitis virus?

A)nonenveloped
B)single-stranded DNA
C)double-stranded RNA
D)single-stranded RNA
E)nonenveloped AND single-stranded RNA

Question 33

The incubation period of leprosy is

A)1 week.
B)3 weeks.
C)3 months.
D)3 or more years.

Question 34

Stained smears of the surface of the eye might be useful in diagnosing

A)influenza.
B)herpes.
C)polio.
D)rabies.

Question 35

The early symptoms of rabies generally begin

A)1 day after viral entry.
B)1-2 months after viral entry.
C)6 months after viral entry.
D)1 year after viral entry.

Question 36

The transmission of leprosy is by

A)direct human-to-human contact.
B)the fecal-oral route.
C)contact with infected blood products.
D)contact with infected nasal secretions.
E)direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions.

Question 37

Characteristic inclusion bodies formed in cells of organisms infected with rabies are called

A)Negri bodies.
B)metachromatic bodies.
C)polyphasic bodies.
D)Koplik spots.

Question 38

The principal mode of transmission of rabies is through

A)blood.
B)fomites.
C)saliva.
D)pus.

Question 39

Painful spasms of the throat triggered by swallowing or the sight of water is called

A)hydrophobia.
B)hydrophagia.
C)tetany.
D)paralysis.

Question 40

The incubation period of rabies is partially determined by

A)age of the patient.
B)season of the year that the disease is acquired.
C)length of journey from the bite site to the brain.
D)the amount of virus introduced into the wound.
E)length of journey from the bite site to the brain AND the amount of virus introduced into the wound.

Question 41

The initial systems of bacterial meningitis are the same regardless of the causative agent.

Question 42

Which is true about prions?

A)They cause a degenerative brain condition.
B)They are naked pieces of RNA.
C)They are made of DNA and protein.
D)They are a normal brain protein that has folded differently.
E)They cause a degenerative brain condition AND they are a normal brain protein that has folded differently.

Question 43

Why would the Sabin oral polio vaccine need to be eliminated as we get closer and closer to eradication of the polio virus?

A)Since it is a live, attenuated viral vaccine, there's always the chance it could revert back into a pathogenic state by mutation.This would introduce new strains still capable of causing the illness into human populations, thwarting elimination.
B)The Sabin vaccine is cheaper than the Salk (killed virus) vaccine, but it isn't as effective at producing a protective response.We'll need to shift to the more effective Salk vaccine worldwide eventually to complete the eradication process.
C)The Salk vaccine is far cheaper than the Sabin vaccine.To effectively eradicate polio, we'll need to shift all of our resources into the cheapest and easiest to deliver vaccine possible.That is the Salk vaccine.
D)The Sabin vaccine can only be administered to human beings.We need to vaccinate bird populations as well to effectively control the spread of polio.Birds are a natural reservoir for the virus.

Question 44

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis differs from the general pattern of fungal CNS disease by occurring in

A)otherwise healthy people.
B)children.
C)AIDS patients.
D)immunosuppressed people.

Question 45

Death from botulism is usually due to respiratory paralysis.

Question 46

Why is it important to learn about rabies when only a few cases occur in the United States each year?

A)The US isn't the entire world.Rabies might be more common in other areas, and it's important to understand due to its lethality.
B)The only reason why rabies isn't common in the US is due to our lack of interaction with animal carriers.We could very easily have an outbreak on our hands if we don't know the warning signs to watch for that we've learned about by studying the virus and disease.
C)Rabies can never be completely eliminated-it has too many different animal reservoirs/carriers.As such, we need to remain constantly aware of how to protect human populations, both by preventing and treating the illness.We can only do that by learning about it.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 47

CNS diseases caused by fungus may occur in

A)cancer patients.
B)diabetics.
C)AIDS patients.
D)immunosuppressed people.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

African sleeping sickness is transmitted by

A)ticks.
B)black flies.
C)Aedes mosquitoes.
D)tsetse flies.

Question 49

Inflammation of the membranes covering the CNS is called meningitis.

Question 50

The more severe form of African sleeping sickness is called the

A)Gambian form.
B)Rhodesian form.
C)Guyanan form.
D)Brazilian form.

Question 51

A pathologist claims it's much easier to determine the causative agent of meningitis than an infection of the skin or intestines. Is this true? Why or why not?

A)It's not true-an infection is an infection, and it's always difficult to track down the exact causative agent.The organ system involved in the illness has nothing to do with identification of the causative agent.
B)It's true-because the central nervous system (CNS) is generally microbe free, whereas the skin and intestines have a diverse normal flora.Separating out a pathogenic causative agent from the normal flora in these areas would be much harder to do than in the CNS.
C)It's not true-the ventricles of the brain can provide a direct route for microbes to enter the central nervous system (CNS) from the bloodstream/extracellular fluid.Therefore, it would be just as likely to find a pathogenic microbe in the CNS as it would be in the skin or intestines.
D)It's true-there are only 1 or 2 microbes that can cause meningitis, yet there are hundreds (if not thousands) that can cause skin/intestinal infections.This makes it much easier to determine the causative agent for a case of meningitis.

Question 52

Why can an infection in the brain's ventricles usually be detected in spinal fluid obtained from the lower back (lumbar region)?

A)Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord.
B)There is a high degree of vascularity that exists, allowing easy transfer of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood.
C)There is a set of lymph nodes specifically in place to drain the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles.They are housed in the lumbar region of the spinal column, adjacent to the spinal cord.
D)This is an incorrect statement.Since the central nervous system (CNS) is a protected site due to the blood-brain barrier, there can never BE an infection in the ventricles.

Question 53

Naegleria fowleri may cause

A)meningitis.
B)primary amebic meningoencephalitis.
C)African sleeping sickness.
D)AIDS.

Question 54

You're a famous eye surgeon, specializing in corneal transplants. Give your choice, would you rather have a cornea for transplantation from a 20 year old individual, or a 60 year old individual (assuming there are no optical defects due to age), and why?

A)The 60 year old-clearly, if the individual has gone 60 years with no optical defects, this is a very good organ for transplantation.The 20 year old cornea may have defects that simply haven't become apparent yet.
B)The 20 year old cornea-younger is always better when dealing with tissue transplants.You want to give the transplant the longest possible time for survival in the recipient.
C)The 20 year old cornea-while extremely rare, it may be possible to transmit prions through corneal transplants.It's less likely that a 20 year old would have encountered and become contaminated by prions than the 60 year old.
D)The 20 year old cornea-never mind prions, there are a variety of agents that can hide in corneal tissues and that might cause disease.It's far more likely that the 60 year old would be harboring one or more of these pathogens than the 20 year old.

Question 55

Prions are small single-stranded pieces of RNA.

Question 56

All cases of paralytic polio acquired in the U.S. between 1980 and 1999 were caused by Sabin's polio vaccine.

Question 57

Mycobacterium leprae is only grown in living cells.

Question 58

Meningoencephalitis and African sleeping sickness are both caused by protozoans.

Question 59

Viral meningitis is much more common than bacterial meningitis.

Question 60

Corneal implants have been implicated in a few cases of

A)rabies.
B)trypanosomiasis.
C)Creutzfeldt-Jakob.
D)scrapie.
E)rabies AND Creutzfeldt-Jakob.