Deck 8: Recombinant Dna Technology

Question 1

Which of the following methods of inserting DNA into cells might be used on plant seeds?

A) protoplast fusion
B) injection
C) electroporation
D) both injection and electroporation
E) protoplast fusion, injection, and electroporation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A northern blot differs from a Southern blot in

A) the type of probe used.
B) the presence or absence of a nitrocellulose membrane.
C) the size of the genetic sequences involved.
D) the number of genetic sequences detected.
E) the type of nucleic acid being isolated.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria is to

A) make conjugation more efficient.
B) allow transposons to move to another place in the chromosome.
C) protect the cell from invading phages.
D) allow cells to accept foreign DNA.
E) provide the cell with new phenotypes, such as antibiotic resistance.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is essential in PCR?

A) DNA polymerase
B) antisense RNAs
C) reverse transcriptase
D) DNA primers
E) both DNA primers and DNA polymerase

Question 5

In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move toward the __________ electrode because they have an overall __________ charge.

A) negative, negative
B) positive, positive
C) negative, positive
D) positive, negative
E) negative and positive, neutral

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding vectors is FALSE?

A) Vectors are usually autonomously replicating DNA molecules.
B) A useful vector contains multiple restriction sites for insertion of DNA.
C) Vectors are generally over 100,000 base pairs in size.
D) Cloning vectors frequently contain sequences necessary for expression of inserted sequences.
E) Cloning vectors include a "marker" to facilitate identification of cells containing them.

Question 7

Put the following steps in the correct order needed to produce a recombinant vector containing a human gene insert. I. Introduce the recombinant plasmid into a bacterial cell.
II) Isolate the human gene and the vector DNA using restriction enzymes.
III) Ligate the DNA fragments to produce a recombinant plasmid.
IV) Grow bacterial cells on a medium containing a selective agent (such as an antibiotic).

A) II, I, III, IV
B) II, III, I, IV
C) III, I, II, IV
D) III, I, IV, II
E) I, III, IV, II

Question 8

If a researcher used Escherichia coli DNA polymerase instead of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase in the PCR procedure, what would be the result?

A) DNA replication would occur more slowly than normal.
B) DNA replication would not occur at all.
C) Many mistakes would occur.
D) DNA replication would occur twice as fast as normal.
E) DNA replication would stop after one cycle.

Question 9

Which of the following would be an appropriate temperature for the first step of PCR?

A) 94°C
B) 37°C
C) 65°C
D) 72°C
E) 55°C

Question 10

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful as

A) DNA probes.
B) primers for PCR.
C) antisense RNAs.
D) DNA probes and antisense RNAs.
E) DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs.

Question 11

Which of the following items is NOT a part of the name of a restriction enzyme?

A) the Gram reaction of the source bacterium
B) the specific epithet of the source bacterium
C) Roman numerals to indicate its order of discovery
D) the strain of the source bacterium
E) the genus of the source bacterium

Question 12

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt-ended fragments (the arrow represents the cutting site of the enzyme)?

A) C↓CGG
B) G↓GATCC
C) G↓AATTC
D) CCC↓GGG
E) A↓AGCTT

Question 13

The sequencing and analysis of an organism's genetic information is called

A) protein synthesis.
B) gene therapy.
C) genomics.
D) northern blotting.
E) PCR.

Question 14

Which of the following would be an appropriate sequence of temperatures for PCR?

A) 94°C, 55°C, 37°C
B) 94°C, 65°C, 72°C
C) 65°C, 72°C, 94°C
D) 94°C, 37°C, 55°C
E) 72°C, 65°C, 94°C

Question 15

The DNA double helix can be separated into single strands using

A) heat.
B) NaOH.
C) reverse transcriptase.
D) both heat and NaOH.
E) heat, NaOH, and reverse transcriptase.

Question 16

If you started with a single DNA molecule, how many would you have at the end of six PCR cycles?

A) 4
B) 16
C) 32
D) 64
E) 100

Question 17

A library of cloned sequences representing the expressed genes of an organism is known as a(n)

A) cDNA library.
B) FISH library.
C) gene library.
D) microarray.
E) DNA fingerprint.

Question 18

In the 20th century, scientists harnessed the natural metabolic reactions of bacteria to make __________ for the first time in an industrial setting.

A) soy sauce
B) acetone
C) bread
D) cheese
E) alcohol

Question 19

Which of the following procedures might be used to detect the presence of genetic sequences of a virus in a patient's blood?

A) Southern blotting
B) creation of a gene library
C) electroporation
D) genome mapping
E) xenotransplantation

Question 20

Which of the following processes did NOT contribute to the development of genetic engineering?

A) transformation
B) transcription
C) transduction
D) conjugation
E) chemiosmosis

Question 21

In vitro means

A) "within glassware."
B) "in life."
C) "in the cell."
D) "within an organism."
E) "from a stranger."

Question 22

Transgenic organisms

A) contain cells from other organisms.
B) contain genetically engineered microbes.
C) are the same thing as clones.
D) contain genes from other organisms.
E) have genomes that have been sequenced completely.

Question 23

Which of the following recombinant tools is NOT used in DNA fingerprinting?

A) PCR
B) restriction enzyme digestion
C) gel electrophoresis
D) reverse transcription
E) neither PCR nor gel electrophoresis is used.

Question 24

A microarray is assembled using

A) reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.
B) restriction enzymes.
C) agarose and nitrocellulose.
D) gold beads and magnets.
E) single-stranded DNA and silicon chips.

Question 25

Which of the following microbes produces a protein that kills a variety of insect pests?

A) Pseudomonas
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Bacillus thuringiensis
D) Thermus aquaticus
E) Plasmodium falciparum

Question 26

Which of the following microbes has been genetically engineered to contain a protein that helps protect crops from freezing?

A) Deinococcus radiodurans
B) Bacillus thuringiensis
C) Pseudomonas
D) Salmonella
E) Escherichia coli

Question 27

Subunit vaccines are safer than traditional vaccines because they

A) are acellular.
B) are administered in food.
C) do not pose a risk for causing the disease.
D) are acellular and do not pose a risk for causing the disease.
E) are acellular and can be administered in food.

Question 28

Which of the following is generally NOT considered an ethical issue regarding recombinant DNA technology?

A) the modification of crop plants
B) screening of humans for genes that predispose them to disease
C) unforeseen impact on the environment
D) the modification of animals to produce pharmaceuticals for humans
E) answering basic research questions

Question 29

If all the following DNA fragments were analyzed on an electrophoresis gel, which one would migrate farthest from the negative electrode?

A) 5000 base pairs
B) 750 base pairs
C) 1000 base pairs
D) 250 base pairs
E) 2500 base pairs

Question 30

__________ are used for cutting DNA molecules into fragments.

A) Antisense RNAs
B) Mutagens
C) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
D) Restriction enzymes
E) RNA polymerases

Question 31

The process of introducing animal organs into the human body is

A) recombinant DNA technology.
B) biotechnology.
C) electrophoresis.
D) protoplast fusion.
E) xenotransplantation.

Question 32

The first complete gene map was that of

A) Escherichia coli.
B) Plasmodium falciparum.
C) Staphylococcus aureus.
D) Haemophilus influenzae.
E) Pseudomonas.

Question 33

Protoplasts are associated with which of the following?

A) Southern blotting
B) electroporation
C) gene therapy
D) xenotransplants
E) PCR

Question 34

Probes used for detecting genetic sequences are frequently composed of

A) agarose.
B) synthetic nucleic acids and radioactive chemicals.
C) restriction enzymes.
D) silicon chips.
E) nitrocellulose.

Question 35

The process known as PCR involves the use of

A) DNA polymerase.
B) RNA polymerase.
C) reverse transcriptase.
D) DNA ligase.
E) restriction enzymes.

Question 36

Which of the following devices is used for PCR?

A) an electrophoresis chamber
B) a gene gun
C) a DNA sequencer
D) a thermocycler
E) a nucleic acid synthesis machine

Question 37

An antigen is a

A) molecule necessary for PCR.
B) naturally occurring insecticide.
C) foreign substance that stimulates immunity.
D) genetic marker found in most plasmids.
E) substance used to make gels for DNA electrophoresis.

Question 38

DNA fingerprinting can be used

A) to detect unculturable organisms.
B) to generate cDNA clones.
C) in forensic investigations.
D) to generate cDNA clones and libraries.
E) for forensics and detection of unculturable organisms.

Question 39

An effective tool for screening a large number of genetic sequences at once is known as

A) restriction analysis.
B) FISH.
C) cDNA synthesis.
D) microarray.
E) gel electrophoresis.

Question 40

Synthesis of cDNA __________ requires the use of

A) DNA ligase.
B) agarose.
C) reverse transcriptase.
D) restriction enzymes.
E) fluorescent synthetic nucleotides.

Question 41

Short nucleic acid molecules used to locate complementary sequences in a larger population of molecules are called __________.

Question 42

Large DNA molecules such as chromosomes are easier to work with than small molecules.

Question 43

The use of microbes to make practical products such as vaccines or hormones is called __________.

Question 44

During DNA electrophoresis, DNA molecules pass through __________, which separates the molecules according to size.

A) agarose
B) nitrocellulose
C) silicon chips
D) restriction fragments
E) sequencers

Question 45

Southern blotting is a technique that can be used to identify microbes that cannot be cultured.

Question 46

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes a DNA molecule from an RNA template.

Question 47

Nitrocellulose membranes used in Southern blotting are more delicate than agarose gels.

Question 48

__________ are used in the detection of DNA by FISH.

A) Restriction fragments
B) Reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase
C) Synthetic DNAs and fluorescent tags
D) Compressed air and gold beads
E) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Question 49

Gene therapy for human genetic diseases has not been successful yet.

Question 50

Injecting DNA into cells can be accomplished using

A) nitrocellulose membranes.
B) silicon chips and nucleic acids.
C) compressed air and gold beads.
D) micropipettes.
E) micropipettes, or compressed air and gold beads.

Question 51

The enzyme __________ is used for connecting DNA fragments.

A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA ligase
C) restriction enzyme
D) reverse transcriptase
E) probase

Question 52

DNA fingerprinting produces a unique banding pattern of DNA fragments for comparison with other DNA samples.

Question 53

Circular DNA molecules are generally more stable inside cells than linear molecules.

Question 54

Sticky-end fragments generated by EcoRI will hydrogen bond to any other sticky-end sequence.

Question 55

Nucleic acid molecules used to deliver new genes to cells are called __________.

Question 56

The number of DNA molecules produced during PCR increases exponentially.

Question 57

A technique using fluorescent-tagged probes to detect specific DNA sequences in their natural locations is known as __________. (Be sure to use capital letters.)

Question 58

Restriction __________, first isolated from bacterial cells, cut DNA molecules at specific sites.

Question 59

A subunit vaccine is prepared by extensive manipulation of the genome of the pathogen.

Question 60

In Southern blotting, DNA molecules are immobilized on

A) silicon chips.
B) nitrocellulose membranes.
C) agarose.
D) gold beads.
E) paper.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the two major types of restriction enzymes.

Question 62

Vectors usually contain genetic __________ such as antibiotic genes or fluorescent tags.

Question 63

Small RNAs that bind to an mRNA and alter its expression are known as __________ RNAs.

Question 64

Beta-carotene, the biochemical precursor to vitamin A, can be added to rice by using __________ DNA technology, thereby increasing its nutritional value.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the types of vectors used in recombinant DNA technology.

Question 66

Explain what a transgenic organism is, and give two examples.

Question 67

What is reverse transcriptase, and why is it an important tool of recombinant DNA technology?

Question 68

Discuss some of the impacts that tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology have had on medicine.

Question 69

The insertion of foreign DNA directly into a cell's nucleus using a glass micropipet is called __________.

Question 70

DNA __________ can be used to detect mutant genes associated with genetic diseases in individuals before any clinical symptoms are noted.

Question 71

A set of clones representing the entire genome of an organism is known as a gene __________.

Question 72

The northern blot is a technique used to detect specific RNA molecules in a larger population of molecules that have been separated by gel __________.

Question 73

Study of the genome of Deinococcus radiodurans may provide insight into preventing or correcting genetic damage resulting from __________.

Question 74

The process of locating genes within the nucleic acid of an organism is called __________ mapping.

Question 75

A DNA __________ may be used to study the complex, changing patterns of mRNA production in an organism.