Deck 2: The International Monetary System

Question 1

Members of the International Monetary Fund may settle transactions among themselves by transferring Special Drawing Rights (SDRs).

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A review of the evolution of the Global Monetary System shows that capital flows dominate trade in which of the following eras EXCEPT:

A) Classical Gold Standard.
B) Fixed Exchange Rates, 1945-1973.
C) The Floating Era, 1973-1997.
D) The Emerging Era, 1997-Present.

Answer 2

Classical Gold Standard.

Question 3

The euro is an example of a rigidly fixed system, acting as a single currency for its member countries. However, the euro itself is an independently floating currency against all other currencies.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which of the following led to the eventual demise of the fixed currency exchange rate regime worked out at Bretton Woods?

A) widely divergent national monetary and fiscal policies among member nations
B) differential rates of inflation across member nations
C) several unexpected economic shocks to member nations
D) all of the above

Question 5

Since 2009 the IMF's exchange rate regime classification system uses a "de facto classification" methodology. Under this system, currencies that are predominantly market-driven are considered to be:

A) soft pegs.
B) hard pegs.
C) floating arrangements.
D) a residual agreement.

Question 6

The International Monetary Fund (IMF):

A) in recent years has provided large loans to Russia, South Korea, and Brazil.
B) was created as a result of the Bretton Woods Agreement.
C) aids countries with balance of payment and exchange rate problems.
D) is all of the above.

Question 7

The post WWII international monetary agreement that was developed in 1944 is known as the:

A) United Nations.
B) League of Nations.
C) Yalta Agreement.
D) Bretton Woods Agreement.

Question 8

World War I caused the suspension of the gold standard for fixed international exchange rates because the war:

A) cost too much money.
B) interrupted the free movement of gold.
C) lasted too long.
D) used gold as the main ingredient in armament plating.

Question 9

Since 2009 the IMF's exchange rate regime classification system uses a "de facto classification" methodology. Under this system, a country that has given up their own sovereignty over monetary policy is considered to have:

A) a residual agreement.
B) hard pegs.
C) soft pegs.
D) floating arrangements.

Question 10

One of the innovations introduced by Bretton Woods was the creation of the Special Drawing Right or SDR. The SDR is an international reserve asset created by the:

A) U.S. Department of the Treasury.
B) International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
C) World Bank (WB).
D) International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Question 11

Under the terms of Bretton Woods, countries tried to maintain the value of their currencies to within 1% of a hybrid security made up of the U.S. dollar, British pound, and Japanese yen.

Question 12

Among IMF member countries since 2010, the dominating exchange rate regime has been:

A) hard peg.
B) soft peg.
C) floating arrangements.
D) residual agreement.

Question 13

From the time of its creation through September 2017, the euro peaked versus the USD in April 2008 at around $1.60/€.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) The Gold Standard Era was characterized by growing openness in trade, but limited capital mobility.
B) The time period between World Wars I and II (the inter war years) witnessed significant reductions in trade barriers and a rapid acceleration in international trade.
C) The Bretton Woods Era (post WWII) realized the increasing benefits of open economies. Furthermore, trade was increasingly dominated by capital.
D) Since March 1973, exchange rates have become much more volatile and less predictable than previous periods.

Question 15

Another name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is:

A) the Recon Bank.
B) the European Monetary System.
C) the Marshall Plan.
D) the World Bank.

Question 16

A small economy country whose GDP is heavily dependent on trade with the United States could use a(n) ________ exchange rate regime to minimize the risk to their economy that could arise due to unfavorable changes in the exchange rate.

A) pegged exchange rate with the United States
B) pegged exchange rate with the Euro
C) independent floating
D) managed float

Question 17

Since 2009 the IMF's exchange rate regime classification system uses a "de facto classification" methodology. Under this system, countries with "fixed exchange rates" are considered to have:

A) a residual agreement.
B) soft pegs.
C) hard pegs.
D) floating arrangements.

Question 18

Today, the United States has been ejected from the International Monetary Fund for refusal to pay annual dues.

Question 19

Under the gold standard of currency exchange that existed from 1879 to 1914, an ounce of gold cost $20.67 in U.S. dollars and £4.2474 in British pounds. Therefore, the exchange rate of pounds per dollar under this fixed exchange regime was:

A) £4.8665/$.
B) £0.2055/$.
C) always changing because the price of gold was always changing.
D) unknown because there is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 20

Since March 1973, when exchange rates become more volatile and less predictable than during the "fixed" exchange rate period, the nominal exchange rate index of the U.S. dollar peaked in 2011.

Question 21

By and large, high capital mobility is forcing emerging market nations to choose between the two extremes of a free-floating exchange rate or a hard peg regime.

Question 22

The authors discuss the concept of the "Impossible Trinity" or the inability to achieve simultaneously the goals of exchange rate stability, full financial integration, and monetary independence. If a country chooses to have a pure float exchange rate regime, which two of the three goals is a country most able to achieve?

A) monetary independence and exchange rate stability
B) exchange rate stability and full financial integration
C) full financial integration and monetary independence
D) A country cannot attain any of the exchange rate goals with a pure float exchange rate regime.

Question 23

The IMF's methodology for classifying exchange rate regimes today is based on the official policy statement of the respective governments, de jure classification.

Question 24

According to the terminology associated with changes in currency values, which of the following choices is the case when a currency's value relative to other currencies is changed by a government?

A) depreciation and revaluation
B) devaluation and appreciation
C) devaluation and revaluation
D) depreciation and appreciation

Question 25

Most Western nations were on the gold standard for currency exchange rates from 1876 until 1914. Today we have several different exchange rate regimes in use, but most larger economy nations have freely floating exchange rates today and are not obligated to convert their currency into a predetermined amount of gold on demand. Currently several parties still call for the "good old days" and a return to the gold standard. Develop an argument as to why this is a good idea.

Question 26

List and explain the three attributes (often referred as the impossible trinity) an ideal currency would possess if existed in today's world.

Question 27

Although the contemporary international monetary system is typically referred to as a "floating regime," it is clearly not the case for the majority of the world's nations.

Question 28

The Euro currency is fixed against other currencies on the international currency exchange markets, but allows member country currencies to float against each other.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of the "ideal" currency?

A) monetary independence
B) full financial integration
C) exchange rate stability
D) All are attributes of an ideal currency.

Question 30

The mobility of international capital flows is causing emerging market nations to choose between a free-floating currency exchange regime and a currency board (or taken to the limit, dollarization). Describe how each of the regimes would work and identify at least two likely economic results for each regime.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a required convergence criterion to become a full member of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)?

A) National birthrates must be at 2.0 or lower per person.
B) The fiscal deficit should be no more than 3% of GDP.
C) Nominal inflation should be no more than 1.5% above the average inflation rate for the three members with the lowest inflation rates in the previous year.
D) Government debt should be no more than 60% of GDP.

Question 32

Based on the premise that, other things equal, countries would prefer a fixed exchange rate: Variable rates provide stability in international prices for the conduct of trade.

Question 33

For the three years from early 2002 to early 2005, the euro maintained a strong and steady rise in value against the U.S. dollar (USD). After a brief respite in 2005, the euro continued its climb against the USD into 2008. Which of the following were NOT a contributing factor in the assent of the euro and the decline in the dollar?

A) severe U.S. balance of payments deficits
B) a general weakening of the dollar after the attacks of September 11, 2001
C) large U.S. balance of payment surpluses
D) All of the above were contributing factors.

Question 34

China today is a clear example of a nation that has chosen the following policies EXCEPT:

A) control and manage the value of its currency.
B) conduct an independent monetary policy.
C) full financial integration in an attempt to stimulate its domestic economy.
D) restrict the flow of capital into and out of the country.

Question 35

According to the authors, what is the single most important mandate of the European Central Bank?

A) Promote international trade for countries within the European Union.
B) Price, in euros, all products for sale in the European Union.
C) Promote price stability within the European Union.
D) Establish an EMU trade surplus with the United States.

Question 36

According to the terminology associated with changes in currency values, depreciation is a case when a currency's value relative to other currencies is changed by a government.

Question 37

The countries that use the euro as their currency have:

A) agreed to use a single currency (exchange rate stability), allow the free movement of capital in and out of their economies (financial integration), but give up individual control of their own money supply (monetary independence).
B) gained control over their own money supply (monetary independence), allowed the free movement of capital in and out of their economies (financial integration), but give up exchange rate stability.
C) agreed to use a single currency (exchange rate stability), allow individual control of their own money supply (monetary independence), but give up the free movement of capital in and out of their economies (financial integration).
D) none of the above

Question 38

If exchange rates were fixed, investors and traders would be relatively certain about the current and near future exchange value of each currency.

Question 39

Which of the following is a way in which the euro affects markets?

A) Countries within the Euro zone enjoy cheaper transaction costs.
B) Currency risks and costs related to exchange rate uncertainty are reduced.
C) Consumers and business enjoy price transparency and increased price-based competition.
D) all of the above

Question 40

Based on the premise that, other things equal, countries would prefer a fixed exchange rate, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Fixed rates provide stability in international prices for the conduct of trade.
B) Fixed exchange rate regimes necessitate that central banks maintain large quantities of international reserves for use in the occasional defense of the fixed rate.
C) Fixed rates are inherently inflationary in that they require the country to follow loose monetary and fiscal policies.
D) Stable prices aid in the growth of international trade and lessen exchange rate risks for businesses.

Question 41

The European Central Bank is a strong and independent central bank that has completely replaced the individual central banks of the countries that use the euro as their currency.

Question 42

You have been hired as a consultant to the central bank for a country that has for many years suffered from repeated currency crises and depends heavily on the U.S. financial and product markets. Which of the following policies would have the greatest effectiveness for reducing currency volatility of the client country with the United States?

A) dollarization
B) an exchange rate pegged to the U.S. dollar
C) an exchange rate with a fixed price per ounce of gold
D) an internationally floating exchange rate

Question 43

A currency board exists when a country's central bank commits to back its money supply entirely with foreign reserves at all times.

Question 44

Beginning in 1991, Argentina conducted its monetary policy through a currency board. In January 2002, Argentina abandoned the currency board and allowed its currency to float against other currencies. The country took this step because:

A) the Argentine Peso had grown too strong against major trading powers thus the currency board policies were hurting the domestic economy.
B) the United States required the action as a prerequisite to finalizing a free trade zone with all of North, South, and Central America.
C) the Argentine government lost the ability to maintain the pegged relationship as in fact investors and traders perceived a lack of equality between the Argentine Peso and the U.S. dollar.
D) all of the above

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT an argument against dollarization?

A) Dollarization causes a loss of sovereignty over domestic monetary policy.
B) Dollarization removes currency volatility against the dollar.
C) Dollarization causes the country to lose the power of seigniorage.
D) The central bank of the dollarized country loses the role of lender of last resort.

Question 46

Bretton Woods required less in the way of cooperation among countries than did the gold standard.

Question 47

All exchange rate regimes must deal with the trade-off between rules and discretion as well as between cooperation and independence.

Question 48

List and explain three benefits the euro would generate for the states participating in the European Economic and Monetary Union.

Question 49

In January 2002, the Argentine Peso changed in value from Peso1.00/$ to Peso1.40/$; thus, the Argentine Peso ________ against the U.S. dollar.

A) strengthened
B) weakened
C) remained neutral
D) all of the above

Question 50

In January 2000 Ecuador officially replaced its national currency, the Ecuadorian sucre, with the U.S. dollar. This practice is known as:

A) bi-currencyism.
B) securitization
C) a Yankee bailout.
D) dollarization.

Question 51

The members of the EU do have relative freedom to set their own fiscal policies-government spending, taxation, and the creation of government surpluses or deficits. They are expected to keep deficit spending within limits.

Question 52

Of the following, which is NOT a trade-off that must be dealt with in any exchange rate regime?

A) cooperation vs. independence
B) rules vs. discretionary action
C) dollars vs. pounds
D) All of the above are rate regime trade-offs.

Question 53

Dollarization is the use of the U.S. dollar as the official currency of the country. List and explain the arguments for and against dollarization. Provide example/s of countries that used the dollar as its official currency.

Question 54

The ability of a country to profit from its ability to print money is known as:

A) profiteering.
B) dollarization.
C) seigniorage.
D) inflation.

Question 55

Regime structures like the gold standard required no cooperative policies among countries, only the assurance that all would abide by the "rules of the game."

Question 56

The following are examples of degrees of internationalization of an international currency EXCEPT:

A) First degree of internationalization is when an international currency becomes readily accessible for trade.
B) A second degree of internationalization is when an international currency is used for international investment.
C) A third degree of internationalization is when an international currency is used for international investment.
D) A third degree of internationalization is when an international currency takes the role of a reserve currency.

Question 57

A currency board exists when a country's central bank commits to back a fraction of its money base with foreign reserves at all times.

Question 58

Which of the following factors make it difficult for emerging market economies to choose a specific currency regime?

A) weak fiscal, financial, and monetary institutions
B) the tendency for commerce to allow currency substitution and the denomination of liabilities in dollars
C) the emerging market's vulnerability to sudden stoppages of outside capital flows
D) all of the above

Question 59

Dollarization is a common solution for countries suffering from currency revaluation.

Question 60

The People's Republic of China has two official currencies, the Chinese renminbi (RMB) and the yuan (CNY).

Question 61

Explain how all exchange rate regimes must deal with the trade-off between rules and discretion, as well as between cooperation and independence. List and classified two International Monetary Systems based on these four quadrants.