Deck 5: Becoming Parents and Parenting Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

Which of the following is the greatest concern for parents of at-risk newborns?

A) The specialized care their child might require
B) That their babies might not survive.
C) Their lack of preparedness in caring for an at-risk baby
D) The medical costs associated with having an at-risk newborn

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Research shows that following the birth of a first child, there is a strong nesting movement toward their nuclear family, which is associated with

A) decreasing levels of interparental support over time
B) decreased contact with family members
C) increased contact with friends.
D) increased contact with family members and decreased contact with friends

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Low birth weight jeopardizes an infant's overall health and development. Research has linked low birth weight with all of the following parental factors EXCEPT:

A) Poor Nutrition
B) Poverty
C) Inadequate Prenatal Care
D) High School Graduation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

There is _____________ in the survival rates of infants born in industrialized and non- industrialized countries.

A) no difference
B) very little difference
C) a minor difference
D) a major difference

Question 5

The most commonly-used substances which compromise the health of the mother during pregnancy and affects the health of the developing fetus is prenatal exposure to:

A) Alcohol
B) Nicotine
C) Diuretics
D) Caffeine

Question 6

All the risk factors for low birth weight correlate with _____________.

A) The pregnant woman's age.
B) The pregnant woman's education level.
C) Poverty.

Question 7

Several reports have established that maternal smoking during pregnancy adversely affects prenatal and postnatal growth and increases the risk of:

A) Fetal mortality.
B) Low birth weight.
C) Infant mortality.
D) All of the above

Question 8

Women without prenatal care are _____________ as likely to have low-birth-weight infants than are women with early and adequate care.

A) Twice
B) Three times
C) Four times
D) Five times

Question 9

Which of the following does not affect the health and survival of newborns?

A) The behaviors of expectant parents
B) Socioeconomic conditions
C) Geographical locations
D) Ethnicity of expectant parents

Question 10

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the level of satisfaction parents experience during the transition to parenthood?

A) Disappointment over the baby's sex.
B) Whether the pregnancy was planned.
C) The level of support parents receive from spouses, partners, and/or extended family.
D) The availability and access to medical care.

Question 11

In addition to the health benefits of kangaroo care for premature infants, it is also related to

A) Higher academic achievement
B) More finely developed gross motor skills
C) Higher levels of self-efficacy
D) More positive interaction between parent and child

Question 12

It is important to optimize the chances of having a healthy baby. Though some risk factors are out of the control of the birth mother, which of the following risks is controllable?

A) Poverty
B) Access to Nutritious Foods
C) Ingesting Teratogens
D) Access to Prenatal Healthcare

Question 13

The primary goal of expectant parents is to have a healthy baby. Most industrialized cultures have access to infant care that includes:

A) Intensive physical nurturance of the infant
B) Breast-feeding on demand
C) Constant care of infants by parents
D) Advanced medical care

Question 14

Despite abundant adverse publicity, Sullentrop and colleagues found in their 2006 study of pregnant women that _______ % acknowledged that they smoke.

A) 60
B) 14
C) 40
D) 15

Question 15

In a study of mothers of high-risk infants, it was found that _____________ significantly predicts anxiety and distress of parents.

A) The baby's birth weigh
B) The mother's marital status
C) The mother's age
D) The mother's ethnicity

Question 16

Though preterm babies are at more risk for not surviving during their first days or weeks of life:

A) Most make it and are free from complications.
B) Many have physical and cognitive exceptionalities that will require specialized care.
C) Infants most at risk for later social, emotional, and behavioral problems are those whose gestational age is less than 30 weeks at birth.
D) All of the above

Question 17

Macinko, Souza, Guanais, and Simoes 2007) found that an increase in the number of families with health care coverage from about 14% to nearly 60% during the period from
1999 to 2004 in Brazil was associated with:

A) Declines in breast feeding
B) Declines in infant mortality
C) Declines in smoking among pregnant mothers

Question 18

In comparison to pre-term infants who do not receive kangaroo care, pre-term infants whose parents use kangaroo care:

A) Cry frequently.
B) Sleep less.
C) Gain more weight.
D) Need more supplemental oxygen.

Question 19

Studies on maternal smoking during pregnancy have found

A) Correlations between low birth-weight, increased risk of infant mortality, cognitive deficits, and behavior problems in children and adolescents.
B) Weak relationships between cigarette smoking and cognitive deficits and behavior problems in children and adolescents.
C) Significant complications in mother-child bonding.
D) That mothers who smoke less than 2 packs of cigarettes a day have no increased risks.

Question 20

Despite abundant adverse publicity, Sullentrop and colleagues found in their 2006 study of pregnant women that _______ % acknowledged that they continue to drink alcohol.

A) 5
B) 14
C) 40
D) 15

Question 21

The process by which babies develop secure attachment depends on whether or not they experience

A) Kangaroo Bonding
B) Breast Feeding
C) Unconditional Regard
D) Contingent Responsiveness

Question 22

Parental sensitivity to infants can be seen in parent-infant interactions:

A) Throughout Europe.
B) Throughout Europe and the United States.
C) Throughout Asian countries.
D) Throughout the world.

Question 23

Toddlers' behavior of resisting going to bed or taking a nap might be an expression of:

A) Their developing autonomy needs.
B) A reluctance to separate from the parents.
C) A fear of the dark.
D) All of the above

Question 24

Which of the following describe/s parents who engage in more complex thinking about impending parenthood:

A) They are better adjusted than those with less complex thinking about that transition
B) They have higher levels of self-esteem
C) They have less depression, and improved marital satisfaction
D) All of the above

Question 25

In comparison to insecure infants, securely attached infants are:

A) More responsive and have more varied means of communication
B) Less responsive and have less varied means of communication
C) Less responsive and cry more

Question 26

Securely attached infants tend to become toddlers _____________ than do infants who do not demonstrate secure attachment.

A) who behave insecurely among strangers
B) who show dependent behavior more frequently
C) who demonstrate more exploratory behavior
D) All of the above

Question 27

Child temperament has been linked consistently to the coparenting behaviors of parents of infants and toddlers. For instance,

A) fathers of babies with a difficult temperament demonstrate more supportive coparentng
B) mothers of babies with a difficult temperament demonstrate more intrusive coparenting.
C) fathers of babies with a difficult temperament demonstrate more intrusive coparenting.
D) both mothers and fathers of babies with a difficult temperament are equally intrusive.

Question 28

Supportive care provided to new mothers varies by culture. In many Asian cultures new mother care is most different from the care provided to mothers in the United States in that:

A) American mothers hire outside help to take care of household chores
B) Asian mothers hire outside help to take care of household chores
C) Asian families help the new mother for an extended period of time
D) American families help the new mother for an extended period of time.

Question 29

An important aspect of encouraging attachment with an infant is the development of parent-infant-synchrony. The two main impediments to the initiation and repair of parent-infant synchrony are:

A) Infant crying due to colic and lack of parental sleep.
B) Infants wanting to play and parents not wanting to play.
C) The parent ignoring the infant's invitation to interact and/or over-stimulation when the baby wants to rest.
D) The parent wanting to play and the infant not wanting to play.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding parental behaviors that promote infants and toddlers' self-regulatory behavior?

A) Sensitive caregiving promotes self-regulatory behavior.
B) Face-to face repricocity helps develop self-regulatory behavior.
C) Sensitive caregiving is especially helpful in helping children with difficult behaviors to develop self-regulatory behavior.
D) Children with difficult temperaments cannot develop self-regulatory behaviors even with parental sensitivity.

Question 31

The process by which a sense of trust is achieved by infants depends on whether or not:

A) They experience contingent responsiveness from their parents and other caregivers.
B) Parents and other caregivers provide scheduled care of the infant.
C) They receive kangaroo care.
D) All of the above

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of the sleeping behavior of infants and toddlers?

A) Infants spend much of their first two weeks sleeping an average of 16 to 20 hours in each 24-hour period) although there is much variability from one baby to another.
B) By 6 months, many babies begin sleeping through the night but all infants are not aware that this is how they are to behave.
C) Waking up during the night is common during infancy and early childhood.
D) By the time of their second birthday, toddlers rarely have problems going to bed or taking a nap.

Question 33

Even though cosleeping is common in many cultures around the world, it is not common among

A) Asian parents.
B) South African parents.
C) American middle-class parents.
D) South American parents

Question 34

Circumstances that contribute to more complex thinking about parenthood include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Caring for infants belonging to other family members prior to having one's own children.
B) Discussions and consultations with others about what is involved in being a new parent.
C) Higher levels of education.

Question 35

Which of the following reflects Bigner's view regarding the way in which American parents handle bedtime for infants and toddlers?

A) Americans are not the only parents in the world who expect their children to develop self-regulated behavior early in life with little guidance from their parents.
B) American parents are likely to simply place an infant or toddler in a crib and close the door.
C) American parents typically sing a short, soft lullaby to their infant or rock the infant to sleep.
D) American parents typically read a book or tell a story to their infant.

Question 36

Which of the following describes the coparenting of parents of infants?

A) The more time parents have had to deal with the negotiations and daily routines of coparenting, the more supportive and less intrusive their coparenting behavior is likely to be.
B) There is more stability in coparenting behavior among first-time parents who are developing their coparenting.
C) Fathers in dual-earner families display less coparenting behaviors than fathers in single-earner households.
D) Mothers in single-earner households display more coparenting.

Question 37

Parents encourage infant attachment through a number of different cultural practices. The practice of ______________ appears to be an important parental sensitivity response that is present in all cultures.

A) Demand feeding
B) Co-sleeping
C) Infant carrying
D) Scheduled feeding

Question 38

Parents of securely attached infants have been described as:

A) More sensitive.
B) More educated.
C) More likely to breastfeed.
D) More likely to be married.

Question 39

Preparing a toddler for bed by rocking, reading them a story or softly singing as a part of a nightly ritual contributes to

A) Self-regulatory behavior
B) Bedtime resistance
C) Unrealistic expectations
D) Social Referencing

Question 40

New mothers in Asian cultures tend to receive considerable support primarily from ______________.

A) Their spouses
B) Community-based programs
C) Extended family members
D) Neighbors

Question 41

The process of baby-proofing an environment would NOT include:

A) Installing deadbolts on all entry doors and locks on windows and screens
B) Removing hazardous materials such as cleaning products, small objects that could be chocked on
C) Covering electrical outlets and securing cords to avoid strangulation
D) Installing childproof closures on cabinets and drawers

Question 42

The American Academy of Pediatrics AAP) recommends that breast-feeding continue for at least _____________, with exclusive breast-feeding for the first _____________.

A) 12 months, 6 months
B) 1 to 2 years, 4 to 6 months
C) 6 months, 3 months
D) 12 to 14 months, 6 to 8 months

Question 43

It is important for parents to make arrangements for their infants' and toddlers' health care. The most important aspects of medical care that has contributed to the rarity of death from infectious diseases is

A) health checkups.
B) immunizations.
C) improved medication.
D) easier access to medical professionals

Question 44

Vygotsky's view of infant intellectual development focused on:

A) The sensory experiences from fine motor interaction with the child's environment.
B) Emerging brain research that documents the continual activity of an infant's brain as being busier than an adult's.
C) The importance of parents and siblings in aiding the process of learning through guided participation.
D) A process of social learning that uses modeling and imitation as a means of teaching appropriate behavior.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true of parent-infant synchrony?

A) The development of parent-infant synchrony depends on the abilities of the parent and the infant to accurately read and respond to cues provided by the other person.
B) The large majority of parents do not accurately read infant cues and respond accordingly.
C) One of the benefits of parent-infant synchrony is that those interactions contribute to the development of infant self-control.
D) One of the two main impediments to the initiation and repair of parent-infant synchrony is the parent ignoring the infant's invitation to interact.

Question 46

It is important for parents to recognize that their infants' and toddlers' curiosity about objects in their environment and their strong interest in looking, listening, touching, biting, and tasting is ________________.

A) Normal and necessary for their cognitive advancement
B) Normal but not necessary for their cognitive advancement.
C) Harmful for their cognitive advancement.
D) Abnormal.

Question 47

The first step toward promoting their infants' and toddlers' fine and gross motor skills development is for parents to:

A) Practice co-sleeping.
B) Prepare their infants and toddlers for bedtime by means of regular rituals.
C) Provide a clean, safe environment in which their babies can freely move about.
D) Choose an appropriate childcare setting.

Question 48

In assisting their toddlers to become independent in their toileting, parents should:

A) Be patient.
B) Pressure the child to go to the toilet.
C) Be punitive at times in order for the toilet training to be effective.
D) Wait until the toddler tells them that he/she is ready to be toilet trained.

Question 49

Through a process of social referencing, toddlers check for parental approval using all of the following cues EXCEPT:

A) Facial Expression
B) Turning their heads away from their parents
C) Parental gaze
D) Verbal responses

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to assess whether a toddler is ready for toilet training?

A) If the toddler is capable of informing when the diaper is wet.
B) If the toddler is staying dryer for longer periods of time.
C) If the toddler is expressing discomfort with wet diapers.
D) If the toddler is showing an interest in using the toilet.

Question 51

_____________ contributes to greater dexterity in the use of the fingers and hands.

A) Gross motor skills development
B) Fine motor skills development
C) Self-regulation
D) Secure attachment

Question 52

The frequent practice of infants placing objects in their mouth supports Piaget's views of infant intelligence developing from:

A) Guided Participation
B) Mirroring Parent Behavior
C) Sensorimotor Experiences
D) Contingent Responsiveness

Question 53

What is the best example of a baby's early fine motor skill?

A) Putting the foot in the mouth
B) Biting
C) Successful grabbing
D) Crawling

Question 54

Which of the following statements IS NOT true regarding breast milk?

A) It contains more iron than formula
B) It contains more Vitamin A than formula
C) It contains more Vitamin C than formula
D) It is less nutritious for humans than formula

Question 55

After they have weaned their infants, it is imperative that parents provide an adequate amount of _____________ and iron to meet the infant's growth requirements.

A) Protein
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin K

Question 56

The World Health Organization WHO) and the American Association of Pediatrics AAP) encourages:

A) Breast feeding exclusively for the first 12 months of life.
B) Breast feeding for the first five years of life.
C) Breast feeding for all babies unless the mother is an active drug user, HIV positive, or severely malnourished
D) Bottle-feeding for the first six weeks since formula can be regulated and we will have a more accurate idea of the child's nutritional intake.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the social referencing of infants and toddlers?

A) attending to parents verbal expressions of pleasure or displeasure to guide behavior.
B) attending to parents' facial expressions of pleasure or displeasure to guide behavior.
C) Attending to video characters' behaviors to guide behavior.
D) An example of social referencing is the infant's or toddler's willingness to comply with parental requests.

Question 58

Scientific evidence suggests that for optimal development of infants, parents should:

A)Only purchase infant toys that are mono-chromatic since babies cannot really distinguish colors during their first six months.
B) Restrict excessive nurturing as it becomes indulgent and makes the child dependent on adult actions for soothing.
C)Do what they are normally inclined to do with their babies: talk, play, make funny faces and pay attention to the baby's interests.

Question 59

The average age of readiness for toilet training is _____________ months.

A) 14
B) 18
C) 22
D) 28

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT true of breast-feeding?

A) There are advantages and disadvantages associated with the choice of breast-feeding or bottle-feeding.
B) The specific fats and sugars in human breast milk make it more digestible than any prepared baby formula.
C) Human breast milk alone contains sufficient vitamin D and vitamin K for infants up to 10-12 months old.
D) Breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches than bottle-fed babies.

Question 61

In comparison to grandparents who do not provide extensive care for their grandchildren, grandparents who provide extensive care are:

A) Significantly younger.
B) Less likely to be married.
C) More likely to be male
D) More likely to have higher incomes.
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

Question 62

_____________ are agents and conditions, including drugs, chemicals, and stressors that can interfere with prenatal development and contribute to birth defects or death.

Question 63

The advance of __________ motor skills includes the development of large muscle groups involved in the movement of the body and the arms and legs, resulting in the infant/toddler's ability to turn over, sit up, crawl, walk, and climb

Question 64

Evidence from brain research shows all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Everything the infant and toddler hears, sees, smells and touches influences the way brain connections hook up.
B) Various areas of the brain specialize in particular functions
C) A specific part of the brain seems to be dedicated to face recognition
D) The language areas of the brain develop most rapidly between the ages of 3 and 6 months.

Question 65

The single most important cause of the dramatic improvement in child survival over the last 100 years is ______________.

Question 66

Which of the following is the primary disadvantage of tag-team parenting?

A) Infants become confused as to whom they should attach with
B) The parent who has the day shift doesn't get enough sleep
C) Since each parent is responsible for the child care while the other one is working, parents have less time to spend with each other.
D) Toddlers benefit more from the educational settings of center based care than from the time they spend in the care of their fathers

Question 67

Infant / toddler language development is encouraged through a number of parent and/or adult interactions. Reading to infants and toddlers is an example of ______________, which provides opportunities for matching words to objects.

A) Parentese
B) Linguistic Turn Taking
C) Joint Attention
D) Guided Participation

Question 68

Which of the following IS NOT an accurate description of infant perception?

A) The infant's fondness for looking at pastel colors
B) The infant's attraction to sharp contrasts, such as stripes or checkerboards
C) The special allure of the human face
D) The infant's keen hearing ability

Question 69

Taking a lesson from the traditional cultural practice of holding infants skin to skin, a procedure known as ____________ care is used in many infant intensive care units to promote the survival of at-risk infants.

Question 70

Which of the following DOES NOT describe parentese?

A) It is adult-to-infant speech that is seen in all language communities throughout the world
B) Infants prefer listening to ordinary speech over parentese.
C) In comparison to ordinary language, parentese is higher pitched and has more low-to-high fluctuations.
D) It comparison to ordinary speech, it has a simpler, more concrete vocabulary and has shorter sentences

Question 71

Which of the following statements reflects the influence of center-based childcare on the development of infants and toddlers?

A) Inattentive parenting presents greater risks for interfering with mother-infant attachment than does poor quality childcare
B) Well trained staff are better able to care for an infant's developmental needs than most parents

Question 72

The process by which a sense of trust is achieved by infants depends on whether or not they experience contingent __________________ from their parents and other caregivers and whether or not parents and other caregivers provide consistent care of the infant.

Question 73

Piaget referred to the intelligence of infants as _____________ intelligence.

Question 74

The phenomenon of _____________________ is the matched emotional state of parents with their babies' and is seen in infant and toddler monitoring of their parents' facial expressions and whereabouts.

Question 75

The expectation of parents that infants should be able to develop ____________________ early with little guidance is unique to American culture.

Question 76

WHO recommends that breast-feeding continues to age _____ or older.

Question 77

It is the _____________ interactions between parents and infants that are the most beneficial.

A) normal, spontaneous
B) conscious, careful
C) frequent, specific
D) daily, specific

Question 78

Probably, the most important goal of parenting infants is to promote infants' sense of ____________.

Question 79

The age of a baby's first placement in a child-care center varies by:

A) family income
B) the marital status and educational level of parents
C) family size
D) All of the above

Question 80

Which of the following DOES NOT demonstrate infant/toddler motor skill readiness?

A) Successful grabbing
B) Crying to get the parent's attention
C) An interest in climbing stairs
D) An interest in self-feeding