Deck 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Question 1

Ubiquitin is a protein that attaches to cellular proteins and targets them to the lysosomes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Injury that occurs when blood flow is restored to previously ischemic tissues is called _____ injury.

A) hypoxemic
B) reperfusion
C) hyperemic
D) compensatory

Answer 2

reperfusion

Question 3

In general, aging tissues are less capable of

A) regeneration.
B) neoplastic growth.
C) hypertrophy.
D) transformation.

Answer 3

regeneration.

Question 4

Chaperone proteins (heat-shock proteins) help misfolded proteins refold correctly.

Question 5

Cellular hypertrophy is an increase in cell number.

Question 6

Apoptosis may be initiated by withdrawal of survival signals from a cell.

Question 7

Cellular accumulation of water occurs with Na⁺-K⁺ pump dysfunction.

Question 8

All of the following are potentially reversible cellular responses except

A) necrosis.
B) metaplasia.
C) atrophy.
D) hyperplasia.

Question 9

In normal somatic cells, the telomeres shorten with each cell division.

Question 10

Gangrene is a term applied to large areas of necrotic tissue.

Question 11

Coagulative necrosis

A) resembles crumbly cheese.
B) can result from interrupted blood supply.
C) is reversible if promptly and aggressively managed.
D) remains functional for 5 to 7 days.

Question 12

Which of the following cellular responses is indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism?

A) Hydropic swelling
B) Lactate production
C) Metaplasia
D) Intracellular accumulations

Question 13

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

A) coagulative
B) caseous
C) liquefactive
D) fat

Question 14

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with cell membrane rupture and inflammation.

Question 15

Metaplasia is an irreversible process.

Question 16

Hydropic swelling results from

A) membrane rupture.
B) ATP accumulation.
C) oncogene activation.
D) Na⁺-K⁺ pump dysfunction.

Question 17

Proteosomes digest intracellular proteins into small peptide fragments.

Question 18

A high serum lactate level (lactic acidosis) usually indicates the presence of

A) liver failure.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) immunologic injury.
D) cellular hypoxia.

Question 19

An increase in cardiac size and function due to increased workload is termed

A) atrophy.
B) hypertrophy.
C) functional.
D) inflammation.

Question 20

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

A) atrophy.
B) death.
C) proliferation.
D) mutation.

Question 21

The extrinsic theories of aging suggest that aging occurs because of

A) genetically programmed cell senescence.
B) shortening of chromosome telomeres.
C) an internal clock within the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
D) environmentally induced damage to cells.

Question 22

Metaplasia is

A) the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
B) the transformation of a cell type to malignancy.
C) an irreversible cellular adaptation.
D) the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about necrosis and apoptosis is true?

A) Necrosis causes cell rupture with release of intracellular contents, but apoptosis does not.
B) Both necrosis and apoptosis are always pathologic processes.
C) Both necrosis and apoptosis can occur in cells that are incapable of energy production and protein synthesis.
D) Apoptosis triggers an inflammatory reaction, but necrosis does not.

Question 24

A critical factor in the mechanisms of reperfusion injury is

A) hydropic swelling.
B) sodium overload.
C) calcium overload.
D) lactate accumulation.

Question 25

Somatic death refers to death

A) of a body organ.
B) of the entire organism.
C) of nerve cells.
D) secondary to brain damage.

Question 26

Ubiquitin is a protein that binds to intracellular proteins and targets them for

A) export to the cell membrane.
B) transport to the mitochondria.
C) degradation in the proteosomes.
D) degradation in the peroxisomes.

Question 27

When p53 protein accumulates within a cell, it may trigger

A) cell lysis.
B) mitosis.
C) necrosis.
D) apoptosis.

Question 28

The mechanism of radiation-induced injury includes all of the following except

A) ionization (radiolysis).
B) direct breakage of chemical bonds.
C) cell lysis.
D) heat production.

Question 29

Which of the following cellular changes is considered to be preneoplastic?

A) Anaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Hyperplasia

Question 30

The enzymes responsible for degrading key intracellular structures during apoptosis are called

A) phosphatases.
B) phosphodiesterases.
C) apoptosis.
D) caspases.