Question 1

Which of the following is associated with relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?&#10;A) Cholecystokinin&#10;B) Morphine&#10;C) Norepinephrine&#10;D) Gastrin

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin is a hormone that stimulates the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, allowing bile and pancreatic juices to flow into the duodenum.

Question 2

Absorption of glucose and amino acids across the intestinal epithelium occurs by&#10;A) endocytosis.&#10;B) ATP-driven transporters.&#10;C) sodium-dependent carriers.&#10;D) passive diffusion.

Accepted Answer

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine via sodium-dependent carriers. This process is facilitated by the concentration gradient of sodium ions created by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump present in the intestinal epithelial cell membrane.

Question 3

Gastric emptying is inhibited by high fat concentrations in the duodenum.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. When high fat concentrations are detected in the duodenum, it triggers the release of various hormones and neurotransmitters that slow down gastric emptying, allowing more time for fat digestion and absorption.

Question 4

Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach would&#10;A) decrease motility.&#10;B) decrease hydrogen chloride secretion.&#10;C) inhibit acidity.&#10;D) stimulate motility.

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach would stimulate motility. This is because parasympathetic stimulation increases the release of the hormone gastrin, which in turn stimulates the contraction of the stomach muscles and increases gastric motility. This also helps to move food through the stomach and into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption.

Question 5

The primary stimulus for pancreatic secretion is&#10;A) gastrin.&#10;B) histamine.&#10;C) acetylcholine.&#10;D) secretin.

Accepted Answer

Secretin,which is produced by the mucosa of the duodenum in response to the entry of acidic gastric juice from the stomach,stimulates pancreatic fluid.Gastrin is secreted by endocrine cells of the stomach mucosa in response to food entry.Histamine is not the primary stimulus for pancreatic secretion.Acetylcholine is not associated with the secretion of pancreatic fluids.

Question 6

Brush-border enzymes are produced by _____ cells.&#10;A) pancreatic acinar&#10;B) gastric mucosa&#10;C) intestinal epithelial&#10;D) goblet

Accepted Answer

Brush-border enzymes are produced by the intestinal epithelial cells, which line the small intestine and have brush-like projections on their apical surface. These enzymes include lactase, sucrase, maltase, and peptidases, which help to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and peptides. Pancreatic acinar cells produce pancreatic enzymes, while gastric mucosa cells produce gastric enzymes. Goblet cells produce mucus to lubricate and protect the intestinal epithelium.

Question 7

In general, activation of sympathetic nerves to the GI tract increases motility and secretion.

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic activation generally decreases gastrointestinal motility and secretion, as it prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, diverting energy away from digestion.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding pepsin is true?&#10;A) It is secreted by parietal cells in gastric pits.&#10;B) It is secreted as an inactive proenzyme.&#10;C) It accomplishes most of the digestion of dietary protein.&#10;D) It is permanently denatured by a pH less than 4.0.

Accepted Answer

Pepsin is secreted as an inactive proenzyme called pepsinogen, which is then activated to pepsin in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Question 9

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the&#10;A) stomach.&#10;B) small intestine.&#10;C) large intestine.&#10;D) cecum.

Accepted Answer

The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption in the digestive system. The stomach plays a role in some forms of digestion, but its main function is to break down food mechanically and chemically before passing it on to the small intestine. The large intestine and cecum primarily absorb water and electrolytes, but do not play a significant role in nutrient digestion and absorption.

Question 10

Pancreatic secretions are high in&#10;A) hydrochloric acid.&#10;B) bicarbonate ions.&#10;C) intrinsic factor.&#10;D) secretin.

Accepted Answer

Pancreatic secretions are high in bicarbonate ions, which help to neutralize stomach acid as the chyme (partially digested food) enters the small intestine. This is important for maintaining proper pH levels in the small intestine and allowing for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Hydrochloric acid is found in gastric secretions in the stomach, intrinsic factor is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach and is important for the absorption of vitamin B12, and secretin is a hormone that is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas.

Question 11

The longitudinal layer is composed of striated muscle, whereas the circular layer is composed of smooth muscle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The longitudinal layer is composed of striated...

Question 12

Chief cells secrete&#10;A) pepsinogen.&#10;B) hydrogen chloride.&#10;C) intrinsic factor.&#10;D) gastrin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chief cells secrete&#10;A) pepsinogen.&#10;B) hydrogen chloride.&#10;C) intrinsic...

Question 13

Most of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is supplied by the&#10;A) hypoglossal nerves.&#10;B) enteric nervous system.&#10;C) vagus nerves.&#10;D) celiac ganglia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most of the parasympathetic innervation of the...

Question 14

All of the following would stimulate secretion from gastric parietal cells except&#10;A) acetylcholine.&#10;B) histamine.&#10;C) gastrin.&#10;D) norepinephrine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following would stimulate secretion...

Question 15

Distention of the cecum results in relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distention of the cecum results in relaxation...

Question 16

Bile is manufactured by&#10;A) hepatocytes.&#10;B) biliary acini.&#10;C) pancreatic $ \delta $ cells.&#10;D) gallbladder epithelia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bile is manufactured by&#10;A) hepatocytes.&#10;B) biliary acini.&#10;C)...

Question 17

Which of the following enzymes is proteolytic?&#10;A) Amylase&#10;B) Chymotrypsin&#10;C) Lactase&#10;D) Lipase

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following enzymes is proteolytic?&#10;A)...

Question 18

The structure and secretions of the salivary gland most closely resemble those of the&#10;A) gastric gland.&#10;B) exocrine pancreas.&#10;C) liver.&#10;D) gallbladder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The structure and secretions of the salivary...

Question 19

Which of the following can be absorbed through the intestinal epithelia without further digestion?&#10;A) Sucrose&#10;B) Lactose&#10;C) Glucose&#10;D) Glycogen

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following can be absorbed...

Question 20

The myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal...

Deck 35: Gastrointestinal Function