Deck 2: Polar Covalent Bonds;acids and Bases

Question 1

Exhibit 2-2
Calculate the formal charges on the indicated atoms in each compound below.
Refer to Exhibit 2-2.The formal charge on oxygen (B) is ______.

Answer 1

−1

Question 2

Exhibit 2-2
Calculate the formal charges on the indicated atoms in each compound below.
Refer to Exhibit 2-2.The formal charge on carbon (C) is ______.

Answer 2

−1

Question 3

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A compound that can donate a proton.

Answer 3

a

Question 4

Exhibit 2-4
Use the convention and the crossed arrow to show the direction of the expected polarity of the indicated bonds in the following compounds.
Refer to Exhibit 2-4.The C−O bond in furan,

Question 5

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ The ability of an atom to attract the shared electrons in a covalent bond.

Question 6

Exhibit 2-2
Calculate the formal charges on the indicated atoms in each compound below.
Refer to Exhibit 2-2.The formal charge on phosphorous (A) is ______.

Question 7

Exhibit 2-3
Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is essential to human nutrition.The representation below shows the structure of phenylalanine at physiological pH.Consider this structure to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-3.The oxygen atom labeled B.has _____ bonding electrons.

Question 8

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A bond between two atoms differing in electronegativity by > 2.

Question 9

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A compound that can accept a proton.

Question 10

Exhibit 2-4
Use the convention and the crossed arrow to show the direction of the expected polarity of the indicated bonds in the following compounds.
Refer to Exhibit 2-4.The C−Si bond in tetramethylsilane, (CH₃)₄Si

Question 11

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A term used to describe a "water loving" species.

Question 12

Exhibit 2-3
Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is essential to human nutrition.The representation below shows the structure of phenylalanine at physiological pH.Consider this structure to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-3.Assign any formal charges to atoms in this representation of phenylalanine.

Question 13

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ Any species that accepts electrons.

Question 14

Exhibit 2-3
Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is essential to human nutrition.The representation below shows the structure of phenylalanine at physiological pH.Consider this structure to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-3.The oxygen atom labeled A.has ______ non-bonding electrons.

Question 15

Exhibit 2-4
Use the convention and the crossed arrow to show the direction of the expected polarity of the indicated bonds in the following compounds.
Refer to Exhibit 2-4.The C−F bond in fluorobenzene,

Question 16

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A bond between two atoms differing in electronegativity by < 0.5.

Question 17

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A bond between two atoms differing in electronegativity by 0.5 − 2.

Question 18

Exhibit 2-2
Calculate the formal charges on the indicated atoms in each compound below.
Refer to Exhibit 2-2.The formal charge on oxygen (D) is ______.

Question 19

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ A term used to describe a "water fearing" species.

Question 20

Exhibit 2-1
Give the corresponding letter of the term that best matches the given definition.
a.Brønsted-Lowry Acid
f.Ionic Bond
b.Brønsted-Lowry Base
g.Covalent Bond
c.Lewis Acid
h.Polar-Covalent Bond
d.Lewis Base
i.Hydrophobic
e.Electronegativity
j.Hydrophilic
_____ Any species that donates electrons.

Question 21

Draw two resonance structures for the species below.
​

Question 22

An acid with a low pK_a:

A)is a weak acid
B)is a strong acid
C)has a weak conjugate base
D)both b and c

Question 23

Draw two resonance structures for the species below.

Question 24

Exhibit 2-8
Consider the reaction below to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-8.Using the curved arrow formalism,show the flow of electrons for this reaction.

Question 25

The following is a representation of the pain reliever,acetaminophen,the active ingredient in Tylenol .Indicate the positions of any multiple bonds.Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are labeled.

Question 26

Circle all the Lewis bases in the group of compounds below.

Question 27

Exhibit 2-10
Consider the acid-base reaction below to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-10.Using the curved arrow formalism,show the flow of electrons for this reaction.

Question 28

Exhibit 2-9
Indole is pleasant smelling in highly dilute solutions and has been used in perfumery.Use the structure of indole,below,to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-9.Indole can function as a Brønsted-Lowry acid in the presence of strong bases.Formulate a reaction,showing electron flow with arrows,that demonstrates this reactivity of indole.

Question 29

Exhibit 2-6
Refer to the following equation to answer the question(s) below.Place the letter corresponding to the correct answer in the blank.
Refer to Exhibit 2-6.Will this reaction take place as written? Explain.

Question 30

Exhibit 2-8
Consider the reaction below to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-8.Label the acid and the base in the reaction.

Question 31

Exhibit 2-9
Indole is pleasant smelling in highly dilute solutions and has been used in perfumery.Use the structure of indole,below,to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-9.Indole can function as a Lewis base in the presence of strong acid.Formulate a reaction,showing electron flow with arrows,that demonstrates this reactivity of indole.

Question 32

Based on electronegativity values,in which of the following is the bond,represented by -,the most polar?

A)H₃C-I
B)H₃C-Na
C)H₃C-Cl
D)H₃C-OH

Question 33

Draw two resonance structures for the species below.

Question 34

In which series are the elements listed in order of increasing electronegativity?

A)P < S < Cl
B)Ge < C < P
C)As < S < F
D)P < Br < N

Question 35

The condensed structure for dimethyl ether looks symmetrical.However,dimethyl ether has a dipole moment.Draw a structure that explains this and indicate the expected direction of the molecular dipole moment.

Question 36

Use the curved arrow formalism to show the electron flow in the reaction of ammonia with water.

Question 37

Put a box around all the Lewis acids in the group of compounds below.

Question 38

Exhibit 2-6
Refer to the following equation to answer the question(s) below.Place the letter corresponding to the correct answer in the blank.
Refer to Exhibit 2-6.The strongest Brønsted-Lowry base in the equation is ______.

Question 39

Exhibit 2-10
Consider the acid-base reaction below to answer the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 2-10.Write the products of this Lewis acid - base reaction.

Question 40

Exhibit 2-6
Refer to the following equation to answer the question(s) below.Place the letter corresponding to the correct answer in the blank.
Refer to Exhibit 2-6.The strongest Brønsted-Lowry acid in the equation is ______.

Question 41

How many resonance forms can be drawn for the NO₃^- ion?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)None,the nitrate ion does not exhibit resonance.

Question 42

The following is generic depiction of a reaction using the curve arrow formalism. Which of these statements is not correct for this reaction?

A)Electrons move from C to B.
B)Electrons move from B to A.
C)In the products,a bond forms between C and B.
D)In the products,A would have a positive charge.

Question 43

​Draw the resonance forms of 3,5-heptanedione anion.
​

Question 44

Draw the resonance forms of methyl acetate anion formed during the protonation of methyl acetate in the presence of sulfuric acid.​

Question 45

What are the products of the following reaction?​

Question 46

The structure for Vitamin K which is involved in blood clotting is shown below. This vitamin would be:

A)classified as hydrophilic.
B)water-soluble.
C)fat-soluble.
D)both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Question 47

Which of the following substances has a zero dipole moment?

A)CO₂
B)Cl₂C=CCl₂
C)HOCH₂CH₂OH
D)HCl₂CCHCl₂
E)All have zero dipole moments.

Question 48

Which of the following would represent the strongest acid?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 49

Which of the following substances would be expected to have the largest pK_a?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 50

Which of the following does not characterize the curved arrow formalism?

A)The arrow shows the movement of electrons not atoms.
B)The atom at the head of the arrow is the electron pair acceptor.
C)The atom at the tail of the arrow is a Lewis acid.
D)The species containing the atom at the head of the arrow will have the smaller pK_a.
E)All of these correctly describe the curved arrow formalism.