Which of the Following Is Not a Rationale Behind Companies

Which of the following is not a rationale behind companies' efforts to cut back on trade and other promotions?

A) Not to force brand-loyal customers to pay unusually high prices when a product isn't on special.
B) To allow consumers to benefit from a lower average shelf price.
C) To improve efficiencies in manufacturing and distribution systems.
D) To encourage retailers to take a portion of the trade allowance money as profit.