Rene Descartes, the 17^th century scientist, mathematician, and philosopher, believed that animals were:

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Descartes believed that animals were mere automata or "beast machines" that lacked consciousness and were incapable of feeling pain. He argued that only humans had a soul and that their ability to reason and think gave them a higher moral status than animals. This view has been heavily criticized and challenged by later philosophers and scientists.

Rene Descartes, the 17th Century Scientist, Mathematician, and Philosopher, Believed

Rene Descartes, the 17^th Century Scientist, Mathematician, and Philosopher, Believed