Question 1

Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to

Accepted Answer

The yellow color seen in jaundice is due to the buildup of bilirubin in the circulatory system as a result of liver dysfunction. Option A is incorrect because increased heme levels would not cause jaundice. Option B and D are incorrect because increased or decreased globin levels would not cause jaundice either. Option E is partially correct as it includes increased bilirubin in the circulatory system, but the other two components (increased globin and decreased rate of globin breakdown) are not related to jaundice.

Question 2

Platelets

Accepted Answer

All of these choices are correct. Platelets are also known as thrombocytes, they are actually fragments of cells, and play a role in preventing blood loss by forming blood clots. They can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue in the case of an injury.

Question 3

Which white blood cells function primarily as phagocytotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils and monocytes are the primary phagocytic cells among white blood cells. Basophils and eosinophils are involved in immune responses against parasitic infections and allergies, while lymphocytes are involved in specific immune responses such as antibody production and cell-mediated immunity.

Question 4

The most numerous of the leukocytes is the

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes, accounting for approximately 60% of all white blood cells.

Question 5

When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis is the process by which white blood cells are attracted to an area of infection by the release of chemicals from damaged cells or microorganisms. This chemical signal helps the white blood cells locate and attack the source of infection. Diapedesis is the process by which white blood cells leave the bloodstream and enter the infected tissue. Margination is the process by which white blood cells adhere to the walls of blood vessels near the site of infection. Ameboid movement is a type of movement used by white blood cells to reach the site of infection. Attraction is too general a term to describe the specific process by which white blood cells are drawn to an area of infection.

Question 6

Lymphocytes

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte that specifically migrate to lymphatic tissue. They are not the largest of the leukocytes and do not produce histamine, release heparin, or have phagocytic capabilities.

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are indeed among the largest of the formed elements in the blood, playing crucial roles in the immune system by defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Unlike red blood cells, which are primarily involved in oxygen transport, leukocytes are part of the body's immune response. They have a nucleus (contrary to option A), do not play a direct role in oxygen transport (contrary to option B), are complete cells rather than cell fragments (contrary to option D), and there are several types of leukocytes, each with different functions (contrary to option E).

Question 8

During platelet plug formation,

Accepted Answer

Platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels to form a plug, which helps to prevent further blood loss. Activated platelets do release other factors, such as thromboxane A2 and ADP, which recruit and activate more platelets to the site of injury, but they do not release fibrinogen. Thrombin is produced by the coagulation cascade, which is activated after platelet plug formation. Vitamin K production does not directly affect platelet plug formation. Platelets do not multiply during the process of platelet plug formation.

Question 9

The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm is the constriction of a blood vessel caused by the nervous system and certain chemicals. Platelet adhesion, hemostasis, and coagulation are all part of the process of blood clotting, not constriction of blood vessels.

Question 10

The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis is the process of white blood cells leaving the circulation and entering tissues. Chemotaxis refers to the attraction of white blood cells towards a chemical signal. Margination refers to white blood cells lining up along the vessel walls in response to an inflammatory signal. Intrusion and exocytosis are not related to the movement of white blood cells into tissues.

Question 11

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

Accepted Answer

Agranulocytes are a type of white blood cell that do not have granules in their cytoplasm. The only agranulocyte listed is the monocyte. Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils are all examples of granulocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells, which are not considered white blood cells.

Question 12

In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in the correct chronological order?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In adults, red blood cells are made...

Question 13

Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation is one of the three stages of hemostasis, along with vascular spasm and platelet plug formation. Coagulation involves a complex series of reactions that result in the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding.

Question 14

Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes do not become macrophages. Monocytes, however, can differentiate into macrophages.

Question 15

Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Platelets do not phagocytize bacteria. They are involved in blood clotting.

Question 16

A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from

Accepted Answer

An increased eosinophil count is often associated with parasitic worm infections. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune response to parasites. Higher levels of eosinophils can also be seen in other allergic or inflammatory conditions.

Question 17

Bilirubin

Accepted Answer

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is a waste product of the breakdown of heme, which is a component of hemoglobin. It is made from bile in the liver and excreted into the intestine to aid in digestion. However, if there is an excess of bilirubin or if it cannot be processed properly due to liver dysfunction, it can build up in the circulation and cause jaundice, a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sickle-cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-shaped red blood cells are actually more likely to rupture than normal red blood cells, which can lead to anemia (a condition where there are not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen).

Question 19

On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

The mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia is on chromosome 11. Specifically, it is a point mutation in the beta-globin gene on chromosome 11.

Question 20

Macrophages are derived from

Accepted Answer

Macrophages are derived from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell.

Quiz 19: Cardiovascular System: Blood