The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged by

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Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the idea of any perceivable neutral stimulus being able to serve as a conditioned stimulus. They found that rats developed an aversion to a novel-tasting substance that they had consumed before feeling nauseous, even if there was a long delay between the taste and the illness. This suggested that taste and nausea could be easily associated, but not necessarily other stimuli.

The Idea That Any Perceivable Neutral Stimulus Can Serve as a Conditioned