The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of

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Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge that is not immediately expressed behaviorally, but rather manifests at a later time when it becomes advantageous to do so. Studies of animals (such as rats) navigating mazes have shown that they are able to develop a cognitive map of the environment even when there is no immediate reward or punishment for doing so. This suggests that animals are capable of forming mental representations of their surroundings that they can use to guide their behavior later on.

The Best Evidence That Animals Develop Cognitive Maps Comes from Studies