Question 1

______________ stimulate food intake, but they may have a more important role in regulating sleep.

Accepted Answer

While neuropeptide Y and peptide YY are involved in regulating food intake, orexins have a more important role in regulating sleep. Orexins are neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus that play a role in promoting wakefulness and regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Dysfunction of the orexin system has been linked to various sleep disorders.

Question 2

_______________ is the accumulation or production of fat, which occurs by the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes.

Accepted Answer

Lipogenesis is the process of accumulation or production of fat in adipocytes, which occurs by the uptake of fatty acids into these cells. Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of cells or tissues, which may occur in adipose tissue due to an accumulation of fat. Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in a tissue, which may also occur in adipose tissue. Lipolysis, on the other hand, is the breakdown of fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol, which can be used for energy production.

Question 3

This hormone in the gastrointestinal tract stimulates food intake.It is secreted mainly in the stomach and reaches peak levels just before eating.

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin is the hormone in the gastrointestinal tract that stimulates food intake. It is secreted mainly in the stomach and reaches peak levels just before eating. Leptin regulates energy balance and signals satiety, insulin regulates glucose metabolism and Acylation-stimulating protein promotes energy storage.

Question 4

____________ is the increase in the number of fat cells.

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of fat cells, while hypertrophy is the increase in the size of fat cells and lipogenesis is the formation of new fat. Therefore, only choice B is the correct answer to the given question.

Question 5

_______________ means the enlargement of fat cells.

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy refers specifically to the enlargement of fat cells, while Adiposity refers to the overall amount of body fat, and Adiposity Rebound refers to a phenomenon where children who were overweight as toddlers regain weight in later years. Therefore, choice C is the best option.

Question 6

____________ is the breakdown of fat and involves the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream after they have undergone hydrolysis.

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis is the process of breaking down fats into fatty acids, which are then released into the bloodstream through hydrolysis. Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of existing fat cells, while hyperplasia refers to the increase in the number of fat cells. Lipogenesis is the process of creating fat, rather than breaking it down.

Question 7

_________________ are receptors on fat cells that are sensitive to sympathetic activation; they respond to norepinephrine or epinephrine to regulate fat cell size and function.

Accepted Answer

Adrenergic receptors are present on the fat cells and respond to sympathetic activation by releasing norepinephrine or epinephrine, which in turn regulates fat cell function and size. Cholinergic receptors are not involved in this process.

Question 8

___________________ is a protein produced by the fat cells that provide a satiety signal to the brain.It is derived from a Greek work that means "thin" because people who secrete normal amounts of it are frequently lean.

Accepted Answer

Leptin is the protein produced by the fat cells that provides a satiety signal to the brain. It is derived from a Greek work that means "thin" because people who secrete normal amounts of it are frequently lean. Ghrelin, on the other hand, is a hunger hormone produced by the stomach. Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fat cells.

Question 9

Which of the following defines the body's "set point."

Accepted Answer

The body's "set point" is the point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight. This means that the body has a natural weight range that it wants to maintain and will try to regulate weight to stay within that range.

Question 10

The opioid peptide, __________________, promotes eating and has pain-reducing properties.This morphine-like substance acts on the feeding centers of the hypothalamus to stimulate the consumption of highly palatable foods, such as fats.It may also play some role in stress-induced eating.

Accepted Answer

Dynorphin is the opioid peptide that promotes eating and has pain-reducing properties, acting on the feeding centers of the hypothalamus to stimulate the consumption of highly palatable foods such as fats.

Question 11

_____________________ is a specialized form of fat tissue that contributes to energy expenditure through its capacity for thermogenesis, or production of heat.

Accepted Answer

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized type of fat tissue that contains a high number of mitochondria, which are responsible for the production of heat through a process called thermogenesis. This helps to burn calories and contribute to energy expenditure. Leptin is a hormone that regulates energy balance and appetite, lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fats in the blood, and lipolysis is the breakdown of fats stored in adipose tissue for energy. While these processes are all related to fat metabolism, none are specifically responsible for thermogenesis like brown adipose tissue.

Question 12

________________ is an enzyme produced in many tissues to help remove fatty acids from the bloodstream.This has been referred to as the gatekeeper of the fat cells because of its role in fat storage.

Accepted Answer

Lipoprotein lipase is the enzyme produced in many tissues to help remove fatty acids from the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in fat storage and has been known as the gatekeeper of the fat cells.

Question 13

__________________ are the structures and pathways involved in the sense of smell.

Accepted Answer

The olfactory system is specifically responsible for the sense of smell, while the gustatory system is responsible for the sense of taste, and the limbic system is involved in emotions and memory. Therefore, only choice A is the correct answer.

Question 14

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger and satiety?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus contains hunger and satiety centers that are sensitive to neuropeptides, such as ghrelin and leptin, which signal hunger and fullness respectively. The hypothalamus also plays a role in regulating metabolism and energy balance. A is incorrect because the hypothalamus does produce leptin, but not at abnormally high levels, and leptin actually signals the brain to decrease hunger. C is incorrect because while cholecystokinin does play a role in appetite regulation, it is produced by the duodenum (part of the small intestine), not the hypothalamus.

Question 15

_____________ stimulates eating particularly by increasing the size of a meal and increasing the intake of carbohydrates.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____________ stimulates eating particularly by increasing the...

Question 16

________________ are receptors on cells that are sensitive to parasympathetic activation; they respond to acetylcholine; fat cells do not contain cholinergic receptors.

Accepted Answer

Cholinergic receptors are the receptors on cells that are sensitive to parasympathetic activation and respond to acetylcholine. Adrenergic receptors, on the other hand, are sensitive to sympathetic activation and respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Fat cells do not contain cholinergic receptors.

Question 17

A group of brain structures collectively known as ____________ integrate sensory information and transmit this information to other parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus.It exists outside the blood-brain barrier.

Accepted Answer

The circumventricular organs, including the subfornical organ and the area postrema, are located near the ventricles of the brain and lack a blood-brain barrier. They integrate sensory information, including changes in blood pressure and blood composition, and transmit this information to other parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus, which regulates many physiological processes. The limbic system, gustatory system, and olfactory system are not specifically associated with sensory integration and transmission to the hypothalamus.

Question 18

__________________ turns off eating, and in some cases increases energy expenditures.

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines, which include norepinephrine, are known to suppress appetite and can increase energy expenditure.

Question 19

ß-adrenergic receptors in fat cells stimulate

Accepted Answer

ß-adrenergic receptors in fat cells stimulate lipolysis, the breakdown of fat into fatty acids and glycerol for energy usage. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 20

The ________________ is responsible for the sense of taste and includes the tongue and several areas of the brain, most notably the cortex and hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

The gustatory system is responsible for the sense of taste and includes the tongue and several areas of the brain, including the cortex and hypothalamus. The olfactory system is responsible for the sense of smell, and the limbic system is a group of interconnected structures in the brain that play a role in emotions, motivation, and memory. Therefore, only B is the correct answer.

Quiz 5: Regulation of Eating Behavior and Body Weight