Demand characteristics that are especially strong may introduce error and thus threaten:

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Demand characteristics refer to cues in a study that may lead participants to guess the true purpose of the study and adjust their behavior accordingly. This can introduce error into the study and threaten internal validity, which refers to the extent to which a study's results can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other factors. Placebo factors refer to the effects of a treatment that are not due to the treatment itself but rather to participants' expectations or beliefs about the treatment. The Hawthorne effect refers to participants' tendency to change their behavior simply because they know they are being observed. Interrater reliability refers to the extent to which different raters or observers agree on their ratings or observations. While demand characteristics could potentially affect all of these aspects of a study, they are most directly related to threats to internal validity.

Demand Characteristics That Are Especially Strong May Introduce Error and Thus