___________ managers believe employees dislike work, require direction and close supervision, and have little motivation.

Question

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Theory X managers hold a pessimistic view of their employees, believing that they have an inherent dislike for work and must be closely supervised and directed to ensure they complete their tasks. This contrasts with Theory Y, which assumes employees are self-motivated and thrive on responsibility.

___________ Managers Believe Employees Dislike Work, Require Direction and Close