There are many theories to explain Islamic revivalism.Iranian writer Jalal al Ahmad believes it is a reaction to:

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Jalal al Ahmad's theory on Islamic revivalism is that it is a reaction to "westoxification", the overwhelming presence of Western culture and beliefs. Secularization, liberalization of the Iranian state, and a fatwa from Islamic legal authorities are also factors that contribute to Islamic revivalism, but they are not the focus of Ahmad's theory. The influx of Hindu immigrants is not relevant to Islamic revivalism.

There Are Many Theories to Explain Islamic Revivalism