Question 1

In contrast to other environmental policies,________ policies do not appeal to law or economics.

Accepted Answer

Voluntarist policies rely on persuasion, encouragement and voluntary actions to achieve environmental goals. They do not rely on laws or regulations, nor on economic incentives or disincentives. Command-and-control policies involve the regulation of specific behaviors through laws and regulations, punishment-based policies involve penalties for failing to comply with regulations, and market-based policies use market mechanisms to promote and discourage certain behaviors.

Question 2

Voluntarist environmental policies attempt to motivate individuals' sense of

Accepted Answer

Voluntarist environmental policies attempt to motivate individuals' sense of social responsibility by appealing to their sense of duty to protect the environment for the benefit of society as a whole.

Question 3

The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce defensive hostilities is associated with the

Accepted Answer

The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce defensive hostilities is associated with the conflict spiral view, also known as the spiral model or escalation model. This model suggests that conflict escalates due to the aggressive actions of one or both parties, and that communication and de-escalation efforts are necessary to reduce tensions and prevent further conflict.

Question 4

The idea that higher social dominance orientation among men is due to both biological and cultural factors has been labeled a

Accepted Answer

The term "biocultural" indicates a combination of biological and cultural factors, and the term "interactionist" implies that both factors work together to produce the outcome (in this case, higher social dominance orientation among men). Therefore, the "biocultural interactionist position" best describes this idea.

Question 5

Terrence believes that the HIV virus is a government conspiracy to kill off the "undesirables" in society.Which of the following is also likely to be true of Terrence?

Accepted Answer

Terrence's belief in a government conspiracy to kill off certain groups suggests that he may feel disconnected and distrustful of those in power, which aligns with feelings of alienation.

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE about social dominance orientation?

Accepted Answer

Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait that predicts social and political attitudes, and it is generally found that men score higher on SDO than women across various cultures and social groups. This reflects a greater preference for inequality among groups and a hierarchical group orientation.

Question 7

A ________ policy involves an offer of reward to those who reduce their socially harmful behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A market-based policy, such as a carbon tax or emission trading system, can offer financial incentives to individuals or companies who reduce their socially harmful behaviors. This type of policy is often seen as more effective and efficient than command-and-control approaches, which rely on regulations and penalties, or fear-based approaches, which use threats or punishment to induce behavior change. A voluntarist policy would rely on voluntary actions and initiatives by individuals or organizations.

Question 8

The tendency to respect power and rigidly cohere to society's conventions are characteristics of

Accepted Answer

The tendency to respect power and rigid conformity to societal norms are characteristics of authoritarians who value obedience and conformity in themselves and others. Social dominance orientation and low self-monitors are different constructs, while individualists prioritize autonomy and independence over conformity.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a market-based environmental policy?

Accepted Answer

The Red Cross asking people to donate blood is not a market-based environmental policy because it does not relate to market incentives or, more specifically, environmental market incentives. The other three options directly involve market-based incentives to promote environmentally friendly behavior.

Question 10

In the Pratto et al (1994)study about views of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait,which of the following was true of the opinions of U.S.college students high in social dominance orientation?

Accepted Answer

Students high in social dominance orientation were more willing to sacrifice personally for the war, reflecting their support for hierarchical group relationships and dominance.

Question 11

In laboratory experiments on social dilemmas,rewards for cooperation work more effectively than punishments for non-cooperation,suggesting that ________ policies may be more effective than ________ policies.

Accepted Answer

The question is asking which type of policy is more effective in promoting cooperation. Laboratory experiments have shown that rewards for cooperation work better than punishments for non-cooperation, which suggests that market-based policies (such as incentivizing cooperation through rewards) may be more effective than command-and-control policies (such as punishing non-cooperation). Therefore, the best choice is C, market-based policies over command-and-control policies.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is TRUE about gender differences and social dominance orientation?

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that men generally score higher than women in social dominance orientation, which can be explained by evolutionary theory. Men compete for mates, and those who are socially dominant are more successful in attracting partners and reproducing. This correlation between social dominance and reproductive success is not as strong in women, which may explain the gender differences in social dominance orientation. However, it is important to note that cultural and societal factors can also influence social dominance orientation.

Question 13

The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by an opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force is the

Accepted Answer

The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by an opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force is the deterrence view. This view holds that the threat of a powerful military is necessary to deter potential adversaries from attacking.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of voluntarist environmental policies?

Accepted Answer

Voluntarist environmental policies rely on the willingness of individuals and organizations to act in environmentally friendly ways without being compelled by law. They often leverage social norms and responsibility, usually require minimal changes in law, and are often low-cost to implement. However, they may not necessarily work better for individualistic nations, as these policies rely on collective action and social responsibility, which might be less pronounced in highly individualistic societies.

Question 15

The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency punishes violators of environmental policies using police power.This type of environmental intervention is a

Accepted Answer

The use of police power to punish violators implies a command-and-control policy, which involves regulatory measures such as setting standards and enforcing penalties for non-compliance. Public goods policies focus on the provision of public goods, market-based policies involve economic incentives, while voluntarist policies rely on voluntary participation by individuals and organizations.

Question 16

A market-based policy regarding environmental problems is

Accepted Answer

A market-based policy offers incentives, such as rewards, to encourage individuals or businesses to reduce their environmentally harmful behaviors. It is based on the premise that by aligning economic incentives with environmental objectives, pollution can be reduced more efficiently and effectively than through prescriptive regulations, fines or imprisonment.

Question 17

A policy which fines homeowners if they use too much water is an example of a ________ policy.

Accepted Answer

A policy that fines homeowners for using too much water is an example of command-and-control policy, as it directly regulates and enforces behavior through penalties and regulations. Social dilemma describes a situation where individuals pursuing their own self-interest can lead to a negative outcome for the group as a whole, and this is not applicable here. Voluntarist policies rely on voluntary actions or incentives to encourage desired behavior, which is not the case here. Social responsibility refers to a company's obligation to act in the best interest of society, which is also not applicable here as we are discussing a policy enforced by a government entity, not a corporation.

Question 18

A community group wants to encourage people to ride their bikes to work instead of driving their cars.Which of the following programs would be a market-based policy for bike-riding?

Accepted Answer

Providing people with a gift certificate for lunch every day they ride their bike is a market-based policy because it involves providing an incentive for a desired behavior (bike-riding) instead of punishing undesired behavior (driving). This type of policy works by changing the costs and benefits of a behavior, making it more attractive for people to choose to ride their bikes to work. This choice is more effective than the other given options because by sending out fliers and increasing the price of parking and imposing a fine, we are discouraging people from using cars but not providing incentives to encourage bike-riding.

Question 19

The United States' attempts to be tough with Iraqis have led to increasing Iraqi support for anti-American military forces,which would lend support to the ________ view of international conflict.

Accepted Answer

The conflict spiral view states that when one party becomes more aggressive or threatening, the other party responds in kind, leading to a spiral of increasing hostility and conflict. The United States' tough stance with Iraq has likely caused increased hostility and support for anti-American military forces among Iraqis, supporting the conflict spiral view.

Question 20

Which of the following is FALSE regarding authoritarians?

Accepted Answer

The statement "They are generally less favorable toward a strong military" is false. Authoritarians tend to favor a strong military and prioritize national security.

Quiz 13: Social Dilemmas: Cooperation versus Conflict