When discussing racism, Duke, a graduate student in counseling, typically states: "It's the exception to the rule. The field is level for all. This is America after all, not apartheid South Africa!" In the Sabnani White Identity Model, Duke is in the ____________stage.

Question

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Duke's statement reflects a lack of awareness or denial of systemic racism, which is characteristic of the pre-exposure stage in the Helms White Racial Identity Development Model. This stage involves a lack of awareness about racial issues and a belief in a colorblind approach to society.

When Discussing Racism, Duke, a Graduate Student in Counseling, Typically