When Ruth and Michael Have Their First Child, Jacob, They

When Ruth and Michael have their first child, Jacob, they vow to be "good" parents who will always treat their son gently. Yet Jacob is a temperamentally hyperactive child who is difficult to control. In their efforts to discipline him, Ruth and Michael scream at him and spank him far more frequently than they ever thought they might. This situation reflects the fact that:

A) The socialization of children involves reciprocal influences.
B) Physically aggressive parenting is instinctive in human beings.
C) Parents are more likely to use harsh discipline with boys than with girls.
D) Two-parent families are more likely to be authoritarian than single-parent families.