Recall Mary Calkins, the psychologist who was denied her doctoral degree because she was a woman. She persisted through that prejudice, working hard to become one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century. This motivation to continue achieving a desired goal is an element of what theorist Sal Maddi calls

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Sal Maddi's theory of hardiness encompasses the concept of persistence in the face of adversity, along with two other components: commitment to a goal and the ability to perceive challenges as opportunities for growth. Mary Calkins demonstrated all three components in her pursuit of a doctoral degree and a career in psychology.

Recall Mary Calkins, the Psychologist Who Was Denied Her Doctoral