Before the Civil Rights Era, Why Was the Single Mother

Before the civil rights era, why was the single mother/ male-absent family seen as the biggest problem facing Black people?

A) Maternal families deviated from the idealized gender "norm" of two-parent families and was thus associated with poverty and deficient child socialization.
B) Maternal families were seen as prone to dependency and passivity.
C) Children from these families did not do well in their education.
D) Single mother/male-absent families were not seen as the biggest problem facing Black people.