Voter Turnout in the United States Is Typically Calculated by Looking

Voter turnout in the United States is typically calculated by looking at the total number of votes in any election, and dividing that number against the total voting age population in a given jurisdiction.Unfortunately, this simple formula:

A) overstates the true turnout rate by not accounting for double or fraudulent voting.
B) overstates the true turnout rate by including the votes of resident foreign nationals and undocumented immigrants.
C) understates the turnout rate due to inaccurate population numbers.
D) understates the true turnout rate because it includes noncitizens, institutionalized or mentally incapacitated persons, and felons without the right to vote in their states.