Question 1

Paulo istaking part in a sleep study. The next morning, the experimenter commented that at some point during the evening, he was having sleep thoughts. When would this have likely happened?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Paulo istaking part in a sleep study....

Question 2

You are looking at the EEG of an individual. The EEG is dominated by alpha waves. This person is

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are typically observed in the EEG of a person who is awake but in a relaxed state, often with their eyes closed. These waves diminish when the person opens their eyes or starts concentrating, which differentiates this state from other levels of wakefulness or sleep.

Question 3

If you have entered paradoxical sleep, you are actually in

Accepted Answer

Paradoxical sleep is another term for REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, characterized by rapid movement of the eyes, low muscle tone, and vivid dreams.

Question 4

You are examining the EEG records of an individual in a sleep lab. The tracing shows a series of high frequency waves resembling alpha or beta waves. But the individual is not awake. Most likely, this individual is in

Accepted Answer

High frequency waves resembling alpha or beta waves during sleep are characteristic of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, a phase where dreaming occurs and brain activity is similar to wakefulness.

Question 5

A friend of yours is a heavy amphetamine user. Last week he stopped taking the drug and "crashed". Why did this happen?

Accepted Answer

When someone stops using amphetamines, the brain's supply of norepinephrine and dopamine, which were previously elevated by the drug, become depleted, leading to a "crash" characterized by fatigue, depression, and other withdrawal symptoms.

Question 6

If you were trying to gather support for the dissociation theory of hypnosis, which of the following would you look for?

Accepted Answer

The dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis causes a split in consciousness, allowing a "hidden observer" to be aware of experiences that the hypnotized individual is not.

Question 7

Let's say that you are an eye doctor. One of your patients seems to have trouble viewing images. When shown the image of a face, she can see the image, but cannot tell you who it is. What do you suspect?

Accepted Answer

Visual agnosia is a condition where a person can see but cannot recognize or interpret visual information, suggesting a problem with processing visual input rather than with the eyes themselves.

Question 8

A new drug is an agonist for dopamine. Thus, we would expect that the drug would

Accepted Answer

An agonist for dopamine would mimic the action of dopamine, thus stimulating the release of dopamine or enhancing its effects in the brain, rather than blocking its action or preventing its effects.

Question 9

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters stage 2 sleep. What would you look for in the EEG tracings?

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are characteristic of stage 2 sleep and are bursts of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG.

Question 10

You are looking at the EEG of an individual. The EEG is dominated by Delta waves. This person is

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are most prominent during stage 4 sleep, indicating deep sleep.

Question 11

You are working on a new drug to help people with circadian rhythm problems associated with working the night shift. Most likely, your drug would target

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is often targeted in treatments for circadian rhythm disorders, such as those experienced by night shift workers.

Question 12

Which of the following supports the restoration model of sleep?

Accepted Answer

The restoration model of sleep suggests that sleep is necessary to restore energy and repair the body. The build-up of adenosine, which is related to cellular energy consumption, supports this model as it indicates a need for restorative processes during sleep.

Question 13

A patient reports to the emergency room complaining of hallucinations and delusions. However, the person does not have schizophrenia. Which of the following would you suspect?

Accepted Answer

Amphetamine psychosis can cause symptoms similar to schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, without the patient having schizophrenia.

Question 14

A patient with visual agnosia may be able to reach for and grab an object, but unable to tell you what it is. How can this happen?

Accepted Answer

Visual agnosia is a condition where a person cannot recognize objects visually, despite having intact vision. This can occur because there are multiple neural pathways for processing visual information: one pathway processes the "what" (identifying objects), and another processes the "how" (guiding movements towards objects). In visual agnosia, the pathway for identifying objects may be damaged, while the pathway for guiding movements remains intact, allowing the person to reach for and grab objects without being able to recognize them.

Question 15

You are listening to a testimony in a murder trial. The defendant claims that while he was dreaming, he started to sleepwalk and he walked up to the victim and stabbed him. Consequently, he should not be held responsible since he was dreaming at the time. You don't really believe him. Why?

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking typically occurs during the non-REM stage of sleep, specifically in stage 4, which is a deep sleep phase. On the other hand, dreaming mainly occurs during the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage of sleep. These are distinct phases of sleep, indicating that the defendant's claim of dreaming while sleepwalking is not consistent with the understanding of sleep stages.

Question 16

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters stage 4 sleep. What would you look for in the EEG tracings?

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are characteristic of stage 4 sleep, indicating deep sleep with the slowest EEG activity.

Question 17

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters REM sleep. What would you look for?

Accepted Answer

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain exhibits patterns similar to those during wakefulness, indicating a heightened state of arousal. This phase is associated with vivid dreaming and increased brain activity.

Question 18

If an individual was unable to regulate the circadian rhythms, you might suspect a deficiency in levels of

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that plays a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms. A deficiency in melatonin levels can disrupt these cycles, leading to difficulties in regulating them.

Question 19

Many people believe that we actually act out our dreams-we move our arms and legs with the dream action. But this can't happen under normal conditions. Why?

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, which is the stage of sleep where most dreaming occurs, our bodies experience a phenomenon known as sleep paralysis. This is a natural mechanism that inhibits our muscles from moving, preventing us from acting out our dreams.

Question 20

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters REM sleep. What would you look for?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements (REMs), which is why it's called Rapid Eye Movement sleep. This is a distinguishing feature used to identify this phase of sleep.

Quiz 6: States of Consciousness

Paulo istaking part in a sleep study. The next morning, the experimenter commented that at some point during the evening, he was having sleep thoughts. When would this have likely happened?

You are looking at the EEG of an individual. The EEG is dominated by alpha waves. This person is

If you have entered paradoxical sleep, you are actually in

You are examining the EEG records of an individual in a sleep lab. The tracing shows a series of high frequency waves resembling alpha or beta waves. But the individual is not awake. Most likely, this individual is in

A friend of yours is a heavy amphetamine user. Last week he stopped taking the drug and "crashed". Why did this happen?

If you were trying to gather support for the dissociation theory of hypnosis, which of the following would you look for?

Let's say that you are an eye doctor. One of your patients seems to have trouble viewing images. When shown the image of a face, she can see the image, but cannot tell you who it is. What do you suspect?

A new drug is an agonist for dopamine. Thus, we would expect that the drug would

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters stage 2 sleep. What would you look for in the EEG tracings?

You are looking at the EEG of an individual. The EEG is dominated by Delta waves. This person is

You are working on a new drug to help people with circadian rhythm problems associated with working the night shift. Most likely, your drug would target

Which of the following supports the restoration model of sleep?

A patient reports to the emergency room complaining of hallucinations and delusions. However, the person does not have schizophrenia. Which of the following would you suspect?

A patient with visual agnosia may be able to reach for and grab an object, but unable to tell you what it is. How can this happen?

You are listening to a testimony in a murder trial. The defendant claims that while he was dreaming, he started to sleepwalk and he walked up to the victim and stabbed him. Consequently, he should not be held responsible since he was dreaming at the time. You don't really believe him. Why?

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters stage 4 sleep. What would you look for in the EEG tracings?

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters REM sleep. What would you look for?

If an individual was unable to regulate the circadian rhythms, you might suspect a deficiency in levels of

Many people believe that we actually act out our dreams-we move our arms and legs with the dream action. But this can't happen under normal conditions. Why?

An individual is in a sleep lab and you are trying to determine when she enters REM sleep. What would you look for?