Question 1

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a severe nightmare. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Accepted Answer

Nightmares typically occur during the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage of sleep, which is characterized by vivid dreams.

Question 2

Consider the following drugs: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. Which of the following neurotransmitters would not be affected by them?

Accepted Answer

Amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy primarily affect dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems, but they have less direct impact on GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Question 3

Drugs have their effect by altering the action of various neurotransmitters. Many drugs alter more than one of these. However, the only drug that seems to influence GABA is

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is known to influence the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitter system, which plays a key role in inhibiting nervous system activity. This effect contributes to the sedative properties of alcohol.

Question 4

An individual in your sleep lab is showing little time in slow-wave sleep compared to normal. Most likely, this person

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep decreases with age, so an older adult is more likely to show reduced time in slow-wave sleep compared to younger individuals.

Question 5

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. He is attached to all of the EEG recording electrodes. Just before the study is to start, he suddenly falls down, is immobilized and goes immediately into sleep. What stage of sleep will be recorded at this point?

Accepted Answer

The sudden onset of sleep described, especially with immediate immobilization (which suggests atonia or muscle paralysis), is characteristic of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. REM sleep is known for its vivid dreaming and muscle atonia to prevent acting out dreams.

Question 6

Bill had the strangest dream last night. He was on a train and met a number of strangers who took the long train ride with him. According to Freud, this represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse and is part of the dream's

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to the hidden psychological meaning of the dream, often related to unconscious desires or thoughts. In this context, the interpretation of the dream as representing a hidden desire for sexual intercourse would be considered part of its latent content, as opposed to the manifest content, which is the literal storyline of the dream.

Question 7

Many drugs alter brain activity because there are naturally occurring substances in the brain that are very similar. Of the following drugs, which one has a naturally occurring substance already in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Opiates work by mimicking the effects of naturally occurring pain-relief substances in the brain known as endorphins, which bind to specific opioid receptors.

Question 8

Dr. Freud believes that Bill's dreams can reveal a lot about the issues he has. In fact, he believes that Bill has an unconscious urge to have sex with strangers. To support this Dr. Freud would look for symbols in the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Freud believes that Bill's dreams can...

Question 9

Insomnia is to narcolepsy as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Insomnia is to narcolepsy as
...

Question 10

Many drugs alter brain activity because there are naturally occurring substances in the brain that are very similar. Of the following drugs, which one has a naturally occurring substance already in the brain?

Accepted Answer

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is similar to naturally occurring substances in the brain known as endocannabinoids, which are part of the endocannabinoid system involved in various physiological processes.

Question 11

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a severe nightmare. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Accepted Answer

Nightmares typically occur during the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep phase, which is also known as paradoxical sleep. This stage is characterized by vivid dreams and increased brain activity.

Question 12

Drugs have their effect by altering the action of neurotransmitters at the synapse. All of the following will have an influence on dopamine EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The answer of Drugs have their effect by altering the...

Question 13

Bill had the strangest dream last night. He was on a train and met a number of strangers who took the long train ride with him. According to Freud, the train ride is part of the dream's

Accepted Answer

The manifest content of a dream includes the actual literal content and events of the dream that the dreamer remembers upon waking, such as being on a train and meeting strangers. Freud distinguished this from the latent content, which represents the hidden psychological meaning of the dream.

Question 14

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. He is attached to all of the EEG recording electrodes. Just before the study is to start, he suddenly falls down, is immobilized and goes immediately into sleep. You suspect narcolepsy. Which of the following would support your theory

Accepted Answer

A severe lack of hypocretin (also known as orexin) is strongly associated with narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and in some cases, sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy). Hypocretin is a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness and regulates REM sleep.

Question 15

All of the following are classified as stimulants EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Barbiturates are classified as depressants, not stimulants, which is why they are the exception in the list. Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy, while depressants have the opposite effect.

Question 16

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a nigh terror. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors typically occur during Stage 4 of the sleep cycle, which is part of the non-REM (NREM) sleep and is characterized by deep sleep.

Question 17

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she gets up and starts sleepwalking. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking typically occurs during the deep, non-REM sleep of Stage 4, when the brain is less active but the body can still move.

Question 18

An individual shows up to the hospital emergency room. They are experiencing hallucinations, but there is no history of schizophrenia. You know that they have taken some kind of drug and suspect amphetamine psychosis. What can you look for to support your belief?

Accepted Answer

Amphetamine psychosis is characterized by an increase in both dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can lead to symptoms such as hallucinations.

Question 19

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. He is attached to all of the EEG recording electrodes. Just before the study is to start, he suddenly falls down, is immobilized and goes immediately into sleep. What stage of sleep will be recorded at this point?

Accepted Answer

Paradoxical sleep, also known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, is characterized by the presence of dreams and a state of paralysis (except for the eyes and respiratory muscles), which prevents the individual from acting out their dreams. The sudden transition into sleep described, accompanied by immediate immobilization, suggests the onset of REM sleep, which is unusual but can occur in certain sleep disorders such as narcolepsy.

Question 20

A new drug works by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity. If abused, this could lead to

Accepted Answer

Increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity is characteristic of stimulants like amphetamines. Abuse of such drugs can lead to amphetamine psychosis, which includes hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic features.

Quiz 6: States of Consciousness

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a severe nightmare. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Consider the following drugs: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. Which of the following neurotransmitters would not be affected by them?

Drugs have their effect by altering the action of various neurotransmitters. Many drugs alter more than one of these. However, the only drug that seems to influence GABA is

An individual in your sleep lab is showing little time in slow-wave sleep compared to normal. Most likely, this person

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. He is attached to all of the EEG recording electrodes. Just before the study is to start, he suddenly falls down, is immobilized and goes immediately into sleep. What stage of sleep will be recorded at this point?

Bill had the strangest dream last night. He was on a train and met a number of strangers who took the long train ride with him. According to Freud, this represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse and is part of the dream's

Many drugs alter brain activity because there are naturally occurring substances in the brain that are very similar. Of the following drugs, which one has a naturally occurring substance already in the brain?

Dr. Freud believes that Bill's dreams can reveal a lot about the issues he has. In fact, he believes that Bill has an unconscious urge to have sex with strangers. To support this Dr. Freud would look for symbols in the

Insomnia is to narcolepsy as

Many drugs alter brain activity because there are naturally occurring substances in the brain that are very similar. Of the following drugs, which one has a naturally occurring substance already in the brain?

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a severe nightmare. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Drugs have their effect by altering the action of neurotransmitters at the synapse. All of the following will have an influence on dopamine EXCEPT

Bill had the strangest dream last night. He was on a train and met a number of strangers who took the long train ride with him. According to Freud, the train ride is part of the dream's

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. He is attached to all of the EEG recording electrodes. Just before the study is to start, he suddenly falls down, is immobilized and goes immediately into sleep. You suspect narcolepsy. Which of the following would support your theory

All of the following are classified as stimulants EXCEPT

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a nigh terror. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she gets up and starts sleepwalking. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

An individual shows up to the hospital emergency room. They are experiencing hallucinations, but there is no history of schizophrenia. You know that they have taken some kind of drug and suspect amphetamine psychosis. What can you look for to support your belief?

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. He is attached to all of the EEG recording electrodes. Just before the study is to start, he suddenly falls down, is immobilized and goes immediately into sleep. What stage of sleep will be recorded at this point?

A new drug works by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity. If abused, this could lead to