Question 1

A heat stroke is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

When the core temperature reaches or exceeds 40.5° C (104.9° F),the brain may be preferentially cooled by maximal blood flow through the veins of the head and face,specifically the forehead.Sweat production on the face is maintained even during dehydration.The remaining options do not occur during heat stroke.

Question 2

Up to how many liters of fluid per hour may be lost by sweating?

Accepted Answer

Sweating may cause as much as 2.2 L of fluid per hour to be lost.

Question 3

Prolonged high environmental temperatures that produce dehydration,decreased plasma volumes,hypotension,decreased cardiac output,and tachycardia cause which disorder of temperature regulation?

Accepted Answer

Of the options presented,only heat exhaustion,or collapse,is a result of prolonged high core or environmental temperatures resulting in dehydration,decreased plasma volumes,hypotension,decreased cardiac output,and tachycardia.

Question 4

What are the expected changes in sleep patterns of older adults?

Accepted Answer

The sleep pattern of the older adult differs from the younger adult in that total sleep time is decreased,and the older individual takes longer to initiate and maintain sleep.Older adults tend to go to sleep earlier in the evening and awaken more frequently during the night and earlier in the morning.Rapid eye movement (REM)and slow-wave sleep decreases.The alteration in sleep pattern typically appears approximately 10 years later in women than it does in men.

Question 5

Which medication is used to reverse the effects of malignant hyperthermia?

Accepted Answer

Treatment includes the withdrawal of the provoking agents and the administration of dantrolene sodium (a skeletal relaxant that inhibits calcium release during muscle contraction).The other options are not effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.

Question 6

Coronary artery disease is most affected by which component of sleep?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease is most affected during rapid eye movement (REM)sleep.During this component of sleep,dreams may provoke nocturnal angina,increased heart rate,and electrocardiographic (ECG)changes.The other options are not associated with coronary artery disease.

Question 7

Loud snoring,a decrease in oxygen saturation,fragmented sleep,chronic daytime sleepiness,and fatigue are clinical manifestations of which sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by repetitive increases in resistance to airflow within the upper airway with loud snoring,gasping,intervals of apnea lasting from 10 to 30 seconds,fragmented sleep,and chronic daytime sleepiness and fatigue,as well as a decrease in oxygen saturation.The remaining options do not exhibit the signs and symptoms listed in the stem.

Question 8

The sudden apparent arousal in which a child expresses intense fear or another strong emotion while still in a sleep state characterizes which sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Three types of parasomnias include arousal disorders such as confusional arousals,sleepwalking (somnambulism),and night terrors (dream anxiety attacks).The remaining options do not involve a sense or expression of fear or any other strong emotion.

Question 9

The major sleep center is located in which section of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A small group of hypothalamic nerve cells,the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),controls the timing of the sleep-wake cycle and coordinates this cycle with circadian rhythms (24-hour rhythm cycles)in areas of the brain and other tissues.The remaining options do not fulfill this objective.

Question 10

Which term is also used to refer to paradoxic sleep?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is also known as paradoxic sleep because the electroencephalographic (EEG)pattern is similar to the normal awake pattern.None of the other terms are used to identify paradoxic sleep.

Question 11

Which hormones help diminish the febrile response?

Accepted Answer

During fever,AVP,a-MSH,and corticotropin-releasing factors are released from the brain,and antiinflammatory cytokines (e.g.,IL-1,IL-10)can act as endogenous cryogens or antipyretics to help diminish the febrile response.The other options are not hormones that diminish the febrile response.

Question 12

Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep occurs in cycles approximately every:

Accepted Answer

REM sleep accounts for 20% to 25% of sleep time and is characterized by desynchronized,low-voltage,fast activity that occurs for 5 to 60 minutes approximately every 90 minutes,beginning after 1 to 2 hours of non-REM sleep.

Question 13

Heat loss from the body via radiation occurs by:

Accepted Answer

Radiation refers to heat loss through electromagnetic waves.None of the other options accurately describes heat loss via radiation.

Question 14

Open-angle glaucoma occurs because of:

Accepted Answer

Open-angle glaucoma occurs because of an obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor at trabecular meshwork or Schlemm canal.The remaining options fail to accurately describe the cause of open-angle glaucoma.

Question 15

How can glaucoma cause blindness?

Accepted Answer

Loss of visual acuity as a result of pressure on the optic nerve is the only reason glaucoma can result in blindness.

Question 16

In acute hypothermia,what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the body core in an effort to decrease heat loss?

Accepted Answer

Tissue hypothermia slows the rate of chemical reactions (tissue metabolism),increases the viscosity of the blood,slows blood flow through microcirculation,facilitates blood coagulation,and stimulates profound vasoconstriction.The remaining options do not fulfill this objective.

Question 17

Which neuropeptide promotes wakefulness?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus,as a major sleep center,secretes hypocretins (orexins),which are neuropeptides that promote wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM)sleep,as well as appetite,energy consumption,and pleasure or reward.The remaining options do not fulfill this objective.

Question 18

Which cytokines are endogenous pyrogens?

Accepted Answer

Endogenous pyrogens include prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂),interleukin-1 (IL-1),IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).The other options are not endogenous pyrogens.

Question 19

When comparing the effects of acute and chronic pain on an individual,chronic pain is more often:

Accepted Answer

Chronic pain is often associated with a sense of hopelessness and helplessness as relief becomes more elusive and the timeframe more protracted.The pain is perceived as meaningless,and depression is often a concomitant finding,as either a result of the chronic pain state or as a contributor to its development.Individuals often psychologically respond to acute pain with fear (e.g.,fear of diagnosis,fear of continued pain),anxiety,and a general sense of unpleasantness or unease.

Question 20

Pinkeye is characterized by inflammation of which structure?

Accepted Answer

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis (pinkeye)is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (mucous membrane covering the front part of the eyeball).The other structures are not affected by this inflammation.

Quiz 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function