The violation-of expectation method is based on which of the following?

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The violation-of-expectation method is a procedure for studying infant cognition that involves presenting infants with events that they ordinarily would not encounter. This method relies on the habituation/dishabituation procedure, which involves showing the infant a stimulus repeatedly until they become habituated to it (meaning they stop responding to it). When a novel stimulus is presented, infants will typically show a heightened response, indicating that they notice a difference or violation of their expectations. This method has been used to investigate various aspects of cognitive development, such as object permanence, contingency learning, and numerical reasoning.

The Violation-Of Expectation Method Is Based on Which of the Following