The idea that an improvement in technology causes an increase in population but causes no increase in the average standard of living is attributed to

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This idea is known as the Malthusian Trap, named after Thomas Malthus, an English economist who believed that population growth would outstrip food production, leading to famine and a decline in living standards. Malthus believed that improvements in technology would only lead to a temporary increase in living standards, as population growth would eventually catch up and lead to even greater strain on resources.

The Idea That an Improvement in Technology Causes an Increase