Regarding the Implications of Overcrowding Among People, Which of the Following

Regarding the implications of overcrowding among people, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most laboratory studies using human subjects have failed to produce any serious ill effects by crowding people into small places.
B) Disadvantages, such as poor nutrition and low education, influence the relationship between overcrowding and pathological behavior in humans.
C) Crowding in urban areas contributes to the stress experienced by its residents.
D) Overcrowding has been shown to be the direct cause of the violence and social disorganization seen in urban areas.